city, west-central Georgia. It lies along the Rioni River where the latter emerges from the Caucasian foothills into a lowland. One of the oldest cities of Transcaucasia, it served at various periods as the capital of successive kingdoms in Georgia: Colchis, Iberia (Kartli), Abkhazia, and Imeretia. After the Russian conquest, Kutaisi was made a provincial seat. It was sacked often in its stormy history, notably by the Turks in 1691; the ruins of the 11th-century Cathedral of Kutaisi, built by the Bogratids, stand on a hill above the city centre, which has narrow, winding streets. Just outside the city is the 12th-century Gelati cathedral and monastery, together designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1994; also on the outskirts is the Sataplia Nature Reserve, with limestone caverns and dinosaur fossils. Modern Kutaisi is an important industrial centre, producing trucks, pumps, mining machinery, textiles (especially silk), foodstuffs, and other consumer goods. There is a hydroelectric plant on the Rioni. Kutaisi has a teacher-training institute. Pop. (2002) 185,965.