novelist and short-story writer of the Harlem Renaissance.

Larsen was born to a Danish mother and a West Indian father who died when she was two years old. She studied for a year at Fisk University, where she first experienced life within an all-black community, and later audited classes at the University of Copenhagen (1910–12) in Denmark. Settling in New York City, she graduated from nursing school and also became a children's librarian. Her marriage to a black physics professor and her friendship with Carl Van Vechten brought her social prominence. In 1933 she and her husband were divorced, and after 1941 Larsen worked as a nurse in a Brooklyn hospital until her death.

Larsen's first story was published in 1926. Her first novel, Quicksand (1928), concerns a young, headstrong biracial woman who seeks love, acceptance, and a sense of purpose, only to be mired in an emotional morass of her own creation. Her second novel, Passing (1929), centres on two light-skinned women, one of whom, Irene, marries a black man and lives in Harlem, while the other, Clare, marries a white man but cannot reject her black cultural ties. In 1930 Larsen became the first black woman to be awarded a Guggenheim fellowship. She never published again.