any drug used in the treatment of constipation to promote the evacuation of feces. Laxatives produce their effect by several mechanisms. Contact purgatives act directly on the muscles of the intestine, stimulating the wavelike muscular contractions ( peristalsis) that result in defecation. This type of laxative includes cascara (cascara sagrada), senna, ricinoleic acid ( castor oil), and phenolphthalein. Bulk laxatives promote evacuation by increasing the water content and bulk volume of the stool. The bulk laxatives include the hydrophilic (water-attracting) colloids, which consist of indigestible fibrous matter such as dietary fibre, agar, psyllium ( Plantago) seed, and methylcellulose. Saline purgatives draw water into the intestine from adjacent tissues, stretching the intestine and producing a normal stimulus for contraction of the muscle, which leads to defecation. Saline purgatives include magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), and magnesium citrate. Fecal softeners make the intestinal walls and stool moist and slippery, thus facilitating defecation. The principal fecal softener is liquid paraffin ( mineral oil).