city and port, eastern Costa Rica, on an open roadstead of the Caribbean Sea near the landfall sighted by Columbus in 1503. The waters are deep enough for large ships, and a sandbar offers some protection for the port. In the colonial era, the port was used by Spanish merchants as well as smugglers and was the occasional target of pirate and Miskito Indian attacks. It began to grow in importance in the late 1850s; about 1867 it was opened to foreign commerce. A railroad through very difficult terrain finally joined Limón and San José, the national capital, in 1890. The banana industry was developed along the tracks to provide a cash cargo, and from 1900 to the 1930s the United Fruit Company dominated the area. African and Chinese immigrants who came to work on the Atlantic Railroad and the banana plantations in the 19th century and their descendants have contributed to Limón's multiethnic flavour, which is unlike that of any other city in Costa Rica. The railroad suspended operation in 1995. Although banana production subsequently fell drastically because of Panama disease, it has increased again with the introduction of a disease-resistant variety of banana. Limón handles more freight yearly than any other Costa Rican port (chiefly exports to the United States and Europe). An airport on the southern outskirts of the city provides service to other locations in Costa Rica. Pop. (2005 est.) 67,341.