an honorific office that came to England with the Norman ducal household. From 1153 it was held by the earls of Leicester and then of Lancaster until it came into the hands of John of Gaunt (John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster), duke of Lancaster, who assumed control over the minor King Richard II and strengthened the office. By the Duke's order the minutes were kept of proceedings held before him on the claims to take part in the coronation ceremonies. The resulting judgments became precedents for the court of coronation claims held before the steward. (In the 20th century this court was still held before coronations but was presided over by commissioners.) In 1397 John of Gaunt established another notable tradition by presiding as lord high steward at the trial before Parliament of the Earl of Arundel and others. The lord high stewardship ceased to be a permanent post in 1421 with the death of Thomas of Lancaster, duke of Clarence. Thereafter a steward was appointed only to preside over the Court of Claims, to perform certain ceremonial duties at the following coronation, and, in certain cases, to preside over those members of the House of Lords who were acting in their capacity as judges at the trial of a peer. The Criminal Justice Act of 1948 abolished the privilege of peers in relation to criminal proceedings, and the judicial function of the lord high steward thus ended.