courtyard of the Prophet Muḥammad in Medina, Arabian Peninsula, which was the model for later Islāmic architecture. The home of Muḥammad and his family was a simple structure, made of raw brick, that opened on an enclosed courtyard where people gathered to hear him. In 634 Muḥammad decreed that prayer be directed toward Mecca; against the wall facing Mecca, the qiblah wall, he built a roofed shelter supported by pillars made of palm trunks. Against the opposite wall of the courtyard stood a roofed gallery to shelter his companions, the antecedent of the roofed oratories in later mosques.

In 628 a minbar, or pulpit, was added so that the Prophet was raised above the crowd; besides leading prayer, Muḥammad declared his new law and decided disputes from the minbar. Later mosques also combined political, judicial, and religious functions. In 706 Caliph al-Walīd I destroyed the original brick buildings and created a new mosque on the site. The new mosque, containing the tomb of Muḥammad, is one of the three holiest places of Islām.