About two-thirds of the population live in towns, especially Dundalk and Drogheda, both urban districts and seaports. Dundalk is the county town (seat), and there is a county manager. Local agriculture is transitional between the small farm regimes of Counties Down and Armagh and the large grazing farms of Meath. Major crops include oats and vegetables. There is some light industry, but it is generally limited to beer, textiles, and food products. Tourism has become an increasingly important source of income.

The kingdom of Oriel, established in the 4th century and comprising Louth, Monaghan, and Armagh, was conquered by Anglo-Norman invaders, and in 1185 Prince John annexed the barony of Louth to the English crown. Under Richard II, late in the 14th century, Louth was included in the English Pale. The towns of Drogheda and Dundalk became important, and parliaments were sometimes held in them. In Tudor times (16th century) Dundalk was often a marshalling place for armies that advanced north into Ulster through the Dundalk gap. Notable relics of the monastic period of the Celtic church are in Mellifont and Monasterboice; castles of the Anglo-Norman era are relatively numerous. Area 319 square miles (826 square km). Pop. (2002) 101,821; (2006) 111,267.