politician, cofounder and leader of the Austrian Christian Social Party, and mayor of Vienna who transformed the Austrian capital into a modern city.

Lueger, from a working-class family, studied law at the University of Vienna. Elected to the capital's municipal council as a liberal in 1875, he soon became popular for his exposure of corruption. Though he was not himself a violent anti-Semite and regarded German nationalism with skeptical antipathy, Lueger did not hesitate to exploit the prevalent anti-Semitic and nationalistic currents in Vienna for his own demagogic purposes. He had his largest following among artisans and the lower-middle class. Lueger was elected to the Austrian Reichsrat (parliament) in 1885 and in 1889 was one of the founders of the Christian Social Party, remaining one of the party's most effective leaders until his death.

A believer in the equality of all nationalities in the multinational Habsburg monarchy, Lueger opposed Austro-Hungarian dualism and advocated a federal state. When the Christian Social Party won two-thirds of the seats in the Viennese municipal council in 1895, he was elected mayor; but the emperor, Francis Joseph I, regarding Lueger as a social revolutionary, refused to confirm his appointment for two years. From 1897 on, Lueger served as mayor of Vienna. He incorporated the suburbs; brought streetcars, electricity, and gas under the city government; and developed parks and gardens, schools, and hospitals. Under his administration, Vienna became an efficient, modern metropolis.

Lueger was a champion of universal male suffrage, which was introduced in Austria in January 1907. The Christian Social Party's platform of federation to solve the empire's nationalities problem was also decisively influenced by him.