British Whig statesman and writer, patron of novelist Henry Fielding and poet James Thomson.

The son of a prominent Whig family, Lyttelton was an early political associate of his brother-in-law, William Pitt (Pitt, William, the Elder) (later Earl of Chatham), in the so-called Boy Patriot circle, which opposed the Robert Walpole ministry. Elected to the House of Commons in 1735, he was a lord of the Treasury (1744–54) under Henry Pelham and chancellor of the Exchequer under the Duke of Newcastle (Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of, Duke Of Newcastle-upon-tyne, Marquess Of Clare, Earl Of Clare, Viscount Haughton, Baron Pelham Of Laughton, Baron Pelham Of Stanmer) (1755–56). His refusal to oppose Newcastle caused him to break with Pitt, and for a time Lyttelton was Newcastle's only important supporter in the House of Commons. In 1756 he became Baron Lyttelton, and thereafter he sat in the House of Lords.

Acquainted with the leading literary figures of his day, Lyttelton wrote a poetic epistle to Alexander Pope and a description of James Thomson included in the poet's The Castle of Indolence (1748). He helped obtain a pension for Thomson and provided support to Henry Fielding. Fielding dedicated his novel Tom Jones (1749) to him, and Tobias Smollett satirized him as Gosling Scragg in The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751). John Lord Harvey rather maliciously accused Lyttelton of having “a great flow of words that were always uttered in lulling monotony.” Lyttelton himself composed, among other works, Dialogues of the Dead (1760), in imitation of the Greek satirist Lucian.