Scottish poet, lawyer, statesman, and compiler of one of the earliest and most important collections of Scottish poetry.

“Manly Maitland,” as he was called in an epitaph, was the son of Sir William Maitland of Lethington. He studied law at the University of St. Andrews and in Paris, served James V, and was keeper of the Great Seal (1562–67) under Mary, Queen of Scots. Although he became blind about 1561, he remained active as a judge until 1584 and busied himself with writing and collecting Scottish poetry.

Maitland's poems reflect the troubled condition of Scotland in the 16th century. Usually dealing with social and political themes, they are either satirical or written with the meditative seriousness of an old and blind man who loves his country and who distrusts his more fanatical and intolerant contemporaries. They frequently have a laconic strength and a rhythmic expressiveness reminiscent of his English contemporary Sir Thomas Wyatt (Wyatt, Sir Thomas). Maitland included his own poems in his valuable collection of Scottish poetry known as the Maitland Folio MS. (begun about 1570), and his daughter added others while she compiled the smaller anthology called the Maitland Quarto MS. (1586). The 183 leaves of the folio and the 138 leaves of the quarto also contain a selection of works by Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas, and other important poets of the period. Maitland's service to Scottish history and literature was commemorated by the foundation of the Maitland Club in 1828 to continue such study.