Soviet marshal prominent in World War II.

Malinovsky was drafted into the imperial army at the start of World War I and fought as a machine gunner throughout that conflict. Upon his return to Russia in 1919 he entered the Red Army, in which he fought against the White Guards and gradually advanced to battalion commander. He joined the Communist Party in 1926, graduated from the M.V. Frunze military academy in 1930, and was sent as an adviser to assist the Republican side during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39).

Commander of the 48th Rifle Corps at the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union (1941), he was quickly put in charge of the Sixth Army and thereafter held various army and army-group commands on the southern front. As commander of the Second Guards Army, Malinovsky played an important role in the Battle of Stalingrad in December 1942. He commanded the Soviet drives into Romania in late 1944 and into Austria in the spring of 1945. From 1945 to 1955 he held important command positions in Soviet-held Manchuria and then in the Soviet Far East.

In 1956 Malinovsky advanced to first deputy minister of defense and commander in chief of ground forces; that same year he became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. As minister of defense of the U.S.S.R. (1957–67), he oversaw the buildup of Soviet military power that began in the 1960s.