German botanist best known for his work on Brazilian flora.

Martius studied medicine at Erlangen University and was an élève of the Royal Bavarian Academy (1814–17). On April 2, 1817, Martius left from Trieste with an Austrian expedition to Brazil. In December 1820 he presented the Munich herbarium with 6,500 plant species, enriching the botanical garden with Brazilian plants and seeds. Appointed a member of the academy, he became the conservator of its botanical gardens (1832) and a professor in Munich (1826). Among his prominent students were the plant physiologist Hugo von Mohl and the botanists Alexander Braun and Karl Schimper.

In his Historia naturalis palmarum, 3 vol. (1823–50; with others), Martius observed that leaves on a plant stem appear to form distinct arrangements, or phyllotaxis, and seem to be arranged in a spiral pattern which follows fixed geometric rules. Martius published numerous other studies, most notably Flora Brasiliensis, 15 vol. (1840–1906), and Die Kartoffel-epidemie (1842). He became the secretary of the academy's physico-mathematical section in 1840.