town, south-central Zimbabwe. It was founded in 1890 near the Macheke and Mshangashe rivers and became a municipality in 1953. A fort was built there and named for Queen Victoria. Located on the road between Harare (formerly Salisbury) and Pretoria and the terminus of a railway spur from Bulawayo, the town is a commercial centre for cattle ranching and agriculture (grain, cotton, tobacco, fruit, and sugar). There is gold and asbestos mining in the vicinity. Masvingo is a tourist base for Kyle National Park, Mushandike National Park, and the Zimbabwe (Bantu: “Stone Dwelling”), or Great Zimbabwe, ruins. These ruins, the oldest of which date from the 8th century, are a significant archaeological site. Long considered by Western archaeologists to be the handiwork of King Solomon, the Phoenicians, or the Arabs, the ruins later were recognized as the remains of the great inland empire of the Karanga people. The ruins are within Great Zimbabwe National Monument, designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1986. Pop. (2002 prelim.) 69,993.