city, Basilicata regione, southern Italy. It lies above a deep ravine northwest of Taranto. Of obscure origin, the town formed part of the duchy of Benevento and of the principality of Salerno and was occupied successively by the Normans, the Aragonese, and the Orsini. In the old part of the city on the slope of the ravine, people historically inhabited cavelike houses cut into the rock with only an opening for the door, a system dating from prehistoric times. The modern part of the city consists of more ordinary dwellings. Matera is an archiepiscopal see, and important monuments are the Apulian-Romanesque cathedral (1268–70) and the churches of San Francesco (rebuilt 1670), San Giovanni Battista (13th century), and San Pietro Caveoso, carved out of rock. There is a museum with a collection of local artifacts. Typical economic activities have included agriculture, tufa quarrying, and the manufacture of terra-cotta and artistic ceramics. Pop. (2006 est.) mun., 59,407.