From 1895 to 1927 Matthew worked in the department of vertebrate paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City. He became curator of the department in 1911 and divisional curator in chief in 1922. During this period he made an exhaustive study of the fossil collections of pioneer paleontologist Edward Cope and published 240 papers. Most important among them was “Climate and Evolution” (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 24, 1915). In this work, Matthew argued for a relative permanency of the great ocean basins and continental masses and against the existence of former land bridges across what are now abyssal depths. He proposed a theory of transport by natural rafts to explain the existence of closely related species on landmasses separated by such depths. His principal contention was that most mammalian orders and families originated in the Northern Hemisphere, subsequently spreading southward. Isolation of species in more remote southern areas, such as Australia, accounted for the extraordinary primitive faunas there.