Irish politician and civil servant best known for his service as viceroy of India, where he improved relations with Afghanistan, conducted the first census, turned a deficit budget into a surplus, and created a department for agriculture and commerce.

The eldest son of the 5th earl, Richard Bourke spent 1838–39 traveling in Europe with his parents before graduating from Trinity College, Dublin. In 1845 he traveled in Russia and published a two-volume account of his journey, St. Petersburg and Moscow, in 1846. As a member of Parliament in 1847–67, he successively represented Kildare, Coleraine, and Cockermouth and was chief secretary for Ireland in three administrations, from 1852, 1858, and 1866.

Mayo became viceroy of India in January 1869 and in March received Shīr ʿAlī Khān, emir of Afghanistan, at Ambāla to negotiate a closer alliance that would decrease Russian influence. Generally maintaining domestic peace, he sanctioned an expedition against the raiding Mizo tribes of the northeastern border in 1871–72. He initiated the policy of decentralization of finances and promoted the development of public works, railways, forests, irrigation schemes, and port defenses. The European-oriented Mayo College at Ajmer was founded for the education of young native chiefs, with £70,000 being subscribed by the chiefs themselves. In 1869–70 he hosted the Duke of Edinburgh (Queen Victoria's second son). On an inspection tour of the convict settlement in the Andaman Islands, he was stabbed to death by an Afghan prisoner, who was hanged five weeks later for the crime.