prominent historian whose The Rise of the West, covering the entire span of recorded human history, had a major effect on historical theory.

McNeill attended the University of Chicago (B.A., 1938; M.A., 1939) and Cornell University (Ph.D., 1947). During World War II he served in the U.S. Army (1941–46); part of that time he was the assistant military attaché to Greece (1944–46). McNeill taught history at the University of Chicago from 1947, becoming a professor in 1957 and subsequently chairman of the department (1961–69).

His most notable work, The Rise of the West (1963), traces the rise, development, and interrelationships of civilizations through 5,000 years of recorded history. Dealing equally with Eastern as well as Western civilizations and discussing developments in Africa, Oceania, and Pre-Columbian America, McNeill presents his view that all cultures acted on and were acted upon by others and that the history of civilization is one of constant change and cultural diffusion. The feature that has made European civilization preeminent in the world since AD 1500 is, according to McNeill, its great instability, giving it an ever-renewing, dynamic quality that upset and overrode the ancient cultural balance of Eastern civilizations. This thesis stands in sharp contrast to the work of Arnold Toynbee (Toynbee, Arnold), who held that civilizations rose and fell according to their own internal rhythm, without regard to any outside forces.

McNeill produced many important historical works, generally dealing with cultural influences and their means of diffusion. Other books include Greek Dilemma: War and Aftermath (1947), Europe's Steppe Frontier 1500–1800 (1964), Plagues and Peoples (1976), The Human Condition: An Ecological and Historical View (1980), and Population and Politics Since 1750 (1990).