town and traditional emirate, northern Bauchi state, northern Nigeria, 5 miles (8 km) northwest of the Misau River, the upper stretch of the Komadugu Gana. Originally inhabited by Hausa people, the town was captured in 1827 by the emirs Yakubu of Bauchi and Dan Kauwa of Katagum. The ensuing dispute between them led the sultan of Sokoto to place (1831) the town and its surrounding area under the jurisdiction of Mamman Manga (the son of Gwani Mukhtar, the Fulani warrior who had conquered Birni Ngazargamu, capital of the Bornu kingdom, in 1808 during the Fulani jihad, or holy war). He is credited with founding Misau emirate.

During Emir Ahmadu's reign (1833–50) the town wall was constructed. The military exploits of Emir Sale (ruled 1860–86) led the sultan to enlarge the emirate. The second emir Ahmadu (1900–03) fled before the advance of the British, who placed the emirate under Katagum in 1904 but restored its independence as a separate emirate of Kano province in 1907. Enlarged by minor additions in 1915, the emirate of 713 square miles (1,847 square km) was transferred to Bauchi province in 1926. The emir, now a traditional and religious leader, retains the historical title of sarkin Bornu ta gabas (king of eastern Bornu).

Most of Misau's Muslim inhabitants, mainly Fulani and Hausa, are now farmers who cultivate millet, sorghum, peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, cowpeas, and indigo and who raise cattle, goats, sheep, donkeys, and horses. Cotton weaving and dyeing are important local activities. The town is the site of the Alhapri Farm Institute. It is served by a secondary school and a hospital. Misau is located on the northern branch of the main highway network and is at a local highway crossroads. Pop. (2006) local government area, 263,487.