Iroquoian-speaking North American Indian tribe and the easternmost tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy. Their name for themselves is Kahniakehake, which means “people of the flint,” and within the confederacy they were considered to be the “keepers of the eastern door.” At the time of European colonization, they occupied three villages west of what is now Schenectady, N.Y., U.S.

Like the other Iroquois tribes, the Mohawk were semisedentary. Women engaged in corn (maize) agriculture; men hunted during the fall and winter and fished during the summer. Related families lived together in longhouses (longhouse), a symbol of Iroquois society. Each Mohawk community also had a local council that guided the village chief or chiefs.

According to some traditional accounts, the Mohawk visionary chief Dekanawida, who preached principles of peace, was instrumental in founding the Iroquois Confederacy. The Mohawk had nine representatives in the Confederacy, three each from their Turtle, Wolf, and Bear clans. As with other Iroquois-speaking tribes, the Mohawk warred frequently against neighbouring Algonquian (Algonquian languages)-speakers; the Dutch introduction of firearms during the fur trade increased the number of Mohawk victories. After contact with Europeans, however, the tribe diminished rapidly because of introduced diseases such as smallpox. Most Mohawk allied with the British in the French and Indian War, but some Catholic converts at mission settlements in Canada espoused the French cause and guided expeditions against their former alliance brothers.

During the American Revolution the Mohawk were pro-British; as the war concluded, they followed their leader Joseph Brant (Thayendanega) to Canada, where they have descendants at the Bay of Quinte and the Six Nations Indian Reserve at Brantford, Ont.

Population estimates suggested some 47,000 Mohawk descendants in the early 21st century.