renowned modern Chinese poet and translator.

Zha Liangzheng enrolled at Qinghua University at age 17. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), he moved with the university to the southwest and continued his study of foreign languages and literature; he graduated from Southwest United University in 1940 and remained there as an assistant professor. In 1945 he published his first collection of poems, Tanxiandui (“An Expedition Team”), under the pseudonym Mu Dan. In February of the same year, he joined the Chinese Expeditionary Army and was sent as interpreter to the Burmese frontier. This experience of war would deeply influence his poetry.

Mu Dan was the major representative of a group of Chinese poets in the 1940s who embraced Western modernist poetry. In his poems he often described his war experiences and resulting disillusionment. His lyric style, characterized by complex imagery that was at times almost abstract, brought important innovations to modern Chinese verse. In 1947 he published, at his own expense, Mu Dan shiji (1939–1945) (“Collected Poems of Mu Dan 【1939–45】”). Some of these poems were published in another collection, Qi (“Banner”), in 1948. That year he traveled to the United States to study at the University of Chicago, where he attained a master's degree in Anglo-American literature in 1952. He returned to China the next year and held a teaching position in the foreign languages department of Nankai University.

In 1958, accused of being a “historical counterrevolutionary,” Mu Dan was demoted to a position at the school library, where he was forced to work under surveillance. From the 1950s onward, he was mainly engaged in poetry translation. Among his translations were The Bronze Horseman and Yevgeny Onegin by Aleksandr Pushkin, a collection of Percy Bysshe Shelley's poems, Don Juan by Lord Byron, and a collection of Byron's poems. Mu Dan was rehabilitated by the Chinese authorities in 1979, two years after his death.