statesman and leader of the German Social Democratic Party (SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany)) who was twice chancellor of coalition governments during the Weimar Republic. Unable to avert the disastrous effects of the Great Depression on Germany in 1929, he was forced to resign his second chancellorship.

Of middle-class origin, Müller became editor of the Social Democratic paper Görlitzer Zeitung in 1889. He was elected to the executive committee of the SPD in 1906, where he steered a moderate course between the left and right wings. In July 1914 he was sent on an abortive mission to France to coordinate Socialist opposition to the impending World War I. Müller became a member of the Reichstag (federal lower house) in 1916 and, after the revolution of November 1918, entered the new provisional government. As foreign minister he signed the Treaty of Versailles for Germany. After the failure of the Kapp Putsch (March 1920), he assumed office as chancellor until the June 1920 elections. From 1920 on, Müller headed his party. After the success of the Social Democrats in the 1928 elections, he formed a coalition government with the moderate parties. Under his administration, Germany began a naval construction program and negotiated the Young Plan, which reduced the reparations payments stipulated by the Treaty of Versailles. The advent of the Depression, however, led to the breakup of the coalition, and Müller, whose party wished to increase unemployment benefits for the workers, was forced to resign on March 27, 1930.