British public corporation created on Jan. 1, 1947, which operates previously private coal mines, manufactures coke and smokeless fuels, and distributes coal, heating instruments, and other supplies. Headquarters are in London.

Redeeming its longstanding pledge to nationalize the coal mines, the British Labour Party, upon coming to power at the end of World War II, promptly passed the Coal Industry Nationalization Act (1946), which created the National Coal Board, the members of which were to be appointed by the minister of power. Under the chairmanship of Lord Hyndley, the NCB took control of the country's 1,647 mines, more than a million acres of land, about 100,000 dwellings, and transportation equipment and other facilities formerly in the hands of 850 private coal companies. Coal owners were paid £164,600,000 in compensation.

The NCB set out to increase coal production while at the same time reducing the miners' workweek to five days, improving wages and working conditions, and extending fringe benefits. Although such efforts were hailed by the National Union of Mineworkers, the NCB in the 1980s, during the administration of Margaret Thatcher, reversed past policy and tried to streamline operations by closing unprofitable pits and laying off mineworkers. By the late 20th century both its workforce and its coal mines had been considerably reduced in number.