first king (reigned 380–362 BC) of the 30th dynasty of Egypt; he successfully opposed an attempt by the Persians to reimpose their rule on Egypt (373).

When Nectanebo came to the throne, a Persian invasion was imminent. A powerful army, gathered by a previous king, Achoris (reigned 393–380 BC), and largely composed of Greek mercenaries, was entrusted by Nectanebo to the Athenian Chabrias. The Persians, however, succeeded in causing Chabrias' recall and marched against Egypt with a force of 220,000. The Egyptians suffered an initial reverse, but, through the indecision of the Persian general Pharnabazus, they were able to collect their forces, outflanking the delaying invaders near Mendes in the Nile delta and forcing them to retreat. Nectanebo was relieved of further Persian intervention during the rest of his rule because of satrap rebellions throughout the Persian empire.

Nectanebo also undertook much building activity, especially at Philae, Edfu, and Hermopolis Magna, and the arts in particular flourished during his reign.