a leader of the Indian independence movement, cofounder of the Swaraj (“Self-rule”) Party, and the father of India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru.

Motilal, a member of a prosperous Brahman family of Kashmiri origin, early established a lucrative law practice and was admitted to the Allahābād High Court in 1896. He shunned politics until middle age, when, in 1907, at Allahābād, he presided over a provincial conference of the Indian National Congress, a political organization striving for dominion status for India. He was considered a moderate (one who advocated constitutional reform, in contrast to the extremists, who employed agitational methods) until 1919, when he made his newly radicalized views known by means of a daily newspaper he founded, The Independent.

The massacre of hundreds of Indians by the British at Amritsar in 1919 prompted Motilal to join Gandhi's Non-cooperation Movement, giving up his career in law and changing to a simpler, non-Anglicized style of life. In 1921 both he and Jawaharlal were arrested by the British and jailed for six months.

In 1923 Motilal helped found the Swaraj Party (1923–27), the policy of which was to win election to the Central Legislative Assembly and obstruct its proceedings from within. In 1928 he wrote the Congress Party's Nehru Report, a future constitution for independent India based on the granting of dominion status. After the British rejected these proposals, Motilal participated in the civil-disobedience movement of 1930, for which he was imprisoned. He died soon after release.