city, seat (1839) of Newton county, southwest Missouri, U.S. It lies in the Ozark Mountains, about 20 miles (32 km) south of Joplin. Founded in 1839, its name, of Osage derivation, means “clear and abundant water,” probably referring to the nine flowing springs (the largest of which is at Big Spring State Park) within the city limits. During the American Civil War, Neosho was the scene of many skirmishes; much of the downtown area was burned in 1863, and actual battles were fought at Newtonia, 12 miles (19 km) east (Sept. 30, 1862, and Oct. 28, 1864). A marker in the Neosho courthouse yard commemorates the meeting of the Civil War Secession Legislature (October 1861).

The city's economy depends on agriculture (poultry, dairying), light manufactures (including clothing, ready-mix concrete, wire products, and furniture), and turbine engine overhaul. One of the oldest U.S. fish hatcheries (1888) is at Neosho. Crowder College (1963), on the site of Fort Crowder, is just southeast of the city. The painter Thomas Hart Benton was a native son. Inc. 1855. Pop. (2000) 10,505; (2005 est.) 11,130.