Nicholson became a cadet in the Bengal Army at the age of 17 and fought at Ghaznī during the First Afghan War (1839–42). Subsequently, he held political posts in Kashmir and the Punjab and took part in the Second Sikh War (1848–49).

During the rebellion of 1857 Nicholson was promoted to brigadier general after pacifying the Punjab and led a swift advance on Delhi, which had been seized by rebel forces in May. His arrival in Delhi early in August and his victory at Najafgarh inspired the besieged British troops outside the city; on September 14 he led an attacking column against the Kashmir Gate. The gate was taken, but he was wounded in battle and died shortly thereafter.