(Arabic: “Governor of the Kingdom”), title borne by various Indian Muslim princes. The term has also been translated as “Deputy for the Whole Empire.” In 1713 it was conferred on Chīn Qilich Khān (Āṣaf Jāh) by the Mughal emperor Muḥammad Shāh and was held by his descendants, the rulers of the princely state of Hyderābād, until the mid-20th century. The head of a ruling family was commonly known as the Niẓām.