Nobel Prize winners by category (physiology or medicine)

year name country* achievement

1901 Behring, Emil von Germany work on serum therapy

1902 Ross, Sir Ronald U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism

1903 Finsen, Niels Ryberg Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light

1904 Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Russia work on the physiology of digestion

1905 Koch, Robert Germany tuberculosis research

1906 Golgi, Camillo Italy work on the structure of the nervous system

1906 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago Spain work on the structure of the nervous system

1907 Laveran, Alphonse France discovery of the role of protozoans in diseases

1908 Ehrlich, Paul Germany work on immunity

1908 Metchnikoff, Élie Russia work on immunity

1909 Kocher, Emil Theodor Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland

1910 Kossel, Albrecht Germany researches in cellular chemistry

1911 Gullstrand, Allvar Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye

1912 Carrel, Alexis France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs

1913 Richet, Charles France work on anaphylaxis

1914 Bárány, Robert Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatus

1919 Bordet, Jules Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum

1920 Krogh, August Denmark discovery of the capillary motor-regulating mechanism

1922 Hill, A.V. U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles

Meyerhof, Otto Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles

1923 Banting, Sir Frederick Grant Canada discovery of insulin

Macleod, J.J.R. U.K. discovery of insulin

1924 Einthoven, Willem The Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism

1926 Fibiger, Johannes Denmark contributions to cancer research

1927 Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica

1928 Nicolle, Charles-Jules-Henri France work on typhus

1929 Eijkman, Christiaan The Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitamin

Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins

1930 Landsteiner, Karl U.S. discovery of human blood groups

1931 Warburg, Otto Germany discovery of the nature and action of the respiratory enzyme

1932 Adrian (of Cambridge), Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron (Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron) U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons

Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons

1933 Morgan, Thomas Hunt U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes

1934 Minot, George Richards U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia

Murphy, William P. U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia

Whipple, George H. U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia

1935 Spemann, Hans Germany organizer effect in embryos

1936 Dale, Sir Henry U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses

Loewi, Otto Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses

1937 Szent-Györgyi, Albert Hungary work on biological combustion

1938 Heymans, Corneille Belgium discovery of the role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation

1939 Domagk, Gerhard (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil

1943 Dam, Henrik Denmark discovery of vitamin K

Doisy, Edward Adelbert U.S. discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K

1944 Erlanger, Joseph U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres

Gasser, Herbert Spencer U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres

1945 Chain, Sir Ernst Boris U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

Fleming, Sir Alexander U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

Florey, Howard Walter Florey, Baron Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value

1946 Muller, Hermann Joseph U.S. production of mutations by X-radiation

1947 Cori, Carl and Gerty (Cori, Carl; and Cori, Gerty) U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted

Houssay, Bernardo Alberto Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism

1948 Müller, Paul Hermann Switzerland properties of DDT

1949 Egas Moniz, António Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses

Hess, Walter Rudolf Switzerland discovery of functions of the interbrain

1950 Hench, Philip Showalter U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

Kendall, Edward Calvin U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

Reichstein, Tadeus Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

1951 Theiler, Max South Africa yellow fever discoveries

1952 Waksman, Selman Abraham U.S. discovery of streptomycin

1953 Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf U.K. discovery of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates

Lipmann, Fritz Albert U.S. discovery of coenzyme A in metabolism of carbohydrates

1954 Enders, John Franklin U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

Robbins, Frederick Chapman U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

Weller, Thomas H. U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

1955 Theorell, Axel Hugo Teodor Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes

1956 Cournand, André F. U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

Forssmann, Werner West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

Richards, Dickinson Woodruff U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

1957 Bovet, Daniel Italy production of synthetic curare

1958 Beadle, George Wells U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes

Lederberg, Joshua U.S. genetic recombination

Tatum, Edward L. U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes

1959 Kornberg, Arthur U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially

Ochoa, Severo U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially

1960 Burnet, Sir Macfarlane Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants

Medawar, Sir Peter B. U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants

1961 Békésy, Georg von U.S. functions of the inner ear

1962 Crick, Francis Harry Compton U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

Watson, James Dewey U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

Wilkins, Maurice U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

1963 Eccles, Sir John Carew Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

Hodgkin, Sir Alan U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

1964 Bloch, Konrad (Bloch, Konrad E.) U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

Lynen, Feodor West Germany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

1965 Jacob, François France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells

Lwoff, André France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells

Monod, Jacques France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of body cells

1966 Huggins, Charles B. U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

Rous, Peyton U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

1967 Granit, Ragnar Arthur Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

Hartline, Haldan Keffer U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

Wald, George U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

1968 Holley, Robert William U.S. deciphering the genetic code

Khorana, Har Gobind U.S. deciphering the genetic code

Nirenberg, Marshall Warren U.S. deciphering the genetic code

1969 Delbrück, Max U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

Hershey, A.D. U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

Luria, Salvador U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

1970 Axelrod, Julius U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission

Euler, Ulf von Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission

Katz, Sir Bernard U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission

1971 Sutherland, Earl W., Jr. U.S. action of hormones

1972 Edelman, Gerald Maurice U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies

Porter, Rodney Robert U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies

1973 Frisch, Karl von Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

Lorenz, Konrad Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

Tinbergen, Nikolaas U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

1974 Claude, Albert U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells

Duve, Christian René de Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cells

Palade, George E. U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells

1975 Baltimore, David U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

Dulbecco, Renato U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

Temin, Howard Martin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

1976 Blumberg, Baruch S. U.S. studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseases

Gajdusek, D. Carleton U.S. studies of the origin and spread of infectious diseases

1977 Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis U.S. research on pituitary hormones

Schally, Andrew Victor (Schally, Andrew V.) U.S. research on pituitary hormones

Yalow, Rosalyn S. U.S. development of radioimmunoassay

1978 Arber, Werner Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA

Nathans, Daniel U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA

Smith, Hamilton Othanel U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA

1979 Cormack, Allan MacLeod U.S. development of the CAT scan

Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold U.K. development of the CAT scan

1980 Benacerraf, Baruj U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

Dausset, Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim (Dausset, Jean) France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

Snell, George Davis U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

1981 Hubel, David Hunter U.S. processing of visual information by the brain

Sperry, Roger Wolcott U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheres

Wiesel, Torsten Nils Sweden processing of visual information by the brain

1982 Bergström, Sune K. Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

Samuelsson, Bengt Ingemar Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

Vane, John Robert (Vane, Sir John Robert) U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

1983 McClintock, Barbara U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity

1984 Jerne, Niels K. U.K.-Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies

Köhler, Georges J.F. West Germany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies

Milstein, César Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies

1985 Brown, Michael S. U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism

Goldstein, Joseph L. U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism

1986 Cohen, Stanley U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells

Levi-Montalcini, Rita Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells

1987 Tonegawa Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies

1988 Black, Sir James U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

Elion, Gertrude Belle (Elion, Gertrude B.) U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

Hitchings, George Herbert U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

1989 Bishop, J. Michael U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)

Varmus, Harold U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)

1990 Murray, Joseph E. U.S. development of kidney and bone marrow transplants

Thomas, E. Donnall U.S. development of kidney and bone marrow transplants

1991 Neher, Erwin Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases

Sakmann, Bert Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases

1992 Fischer, Edmond H. U.S. discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinases

Krebs, Edwin Gerhard U.S. discovery of the class of enzymes called protein kinases

1993 Roberts, Richard J. U.K. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure

Sharp, Phillip A. U.S. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure

1994 Gilman, Alfred G. U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins

Rodbell, Martin U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins

1995 Lewis, Edward B. U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development

Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane Germany identification of genes that control the body's early structural development

Wieschaus, Eric F. U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development

1996 Doherty, Peter C. Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells

Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells

1997 Prusiner, Stanley B. U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein

1998 Furchgott, Robert F. U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

Ignarro, Louis J. U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

Murad, Ferid U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

1999 Blobel, Günter U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization

2000 Carlsson, Arvid Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

Greengard, Paul U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

Kandel, Eric U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

2001 Hartwell, Leland H. U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle

Hunt, R. Timothy U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle

Nurse, Sir Paul M. U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle

2002 Brenner, Sydney U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Horvitz, H. Robert U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Sulston, John E. U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

2003 Lauterbur, Paul U.S. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Mansfield, Sir Peter U.K. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

2004 Axel, Richard U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

Buck, Linda B. U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

2005 Marshall, Barry J. Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease

Warren, J. Robin Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease

2006 Fire, Andrew Z. U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

Mello, Craig C. U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

2007 Capecchi, Mario R. U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

Evans, Sir Martin J. U.K. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

Smithies, Oliver U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

2008 Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise (Barré-Sinoussi, Franƈoise) France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

Montagnier, Luc France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

zur Hausen, Harald Germany discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.