Nobel Prize winners by name (P through R)

name year category country* achievement literary area

Palade, George E. 1974 physiology/ medicine U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells

Pamuk, Orhan 2006 literature Turkey novelist

Passy, Frédéric 1901 peace France

Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (declined) 1958 literature U.S.S.R. novelist, poet

Paul, Wolfgang 1989 physics West Germany methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study

Pauli, Wolfgang 1945 physics Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons

Pauling, Linus 1954 chemistry U.S. study of the nature of the chemical bond

Pauling, Linus 1962 peace U.S.

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich 1904 physiology/ medicine Russia work on the physiology of digestion

Paz, Octavio 1990 literature Mexico poet, essayist

Pearson, Lester B. 1957 peace Canada

Pedersen, Charles J. 1987 chemistry U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules

Penzias, Arno 1978 physics U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory

Peres, Shimon 1994 peace Israel

Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo 1980 peace Argentina

Perl, Martin Lewis 1995 physics U.S. discovery of the tau subatomic particle

Perrin, Jean 1926 physics France work on the discontinuous structure of matter

Perutz, Max Ferdinand 1962 chemistry U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins

Phelps, Edmund S. 2006 economics U.S. analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy

Phillips, William D. 1997 physics U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

Pinter, Harold 2005 literature U.K. playwright

Pirandello, Luigi 1934 literature Italy dramatist

Pire, Dominique 1958 peace Belgium

Planck, Max 1918 physics Germany discovery of the elemental quanta

Polanyi, John C. 1986 chemistry Canada development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions

Politzer, H. David 2004 physics U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

Pontoppidan, Henrik 1917 literature Denmark novelist

Pople, John A. (Pople, Sir John A.) 1998 chemistry U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistry

Porter, Sir George (Porter, Sir George, Baron Porter of Luddenham) 1967 chemistry U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

Porter, Rodney Robert 1972 physiology/ medicine U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies

Powell, Cecil Frank 1950 physics U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons

Pregl, Fritz 1923 chemistry Austria method of microanalysis of organic substances

Prelog, Vladimir 1975 chemistry Switzerland work in stereochemistry

Prescott, Edward C. 2004 economics U.S. contributions to dynamic macroeconomics

Prigogine, Ilya 1977 chemistry Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamics

Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich 1964 physics U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

Prusiner, Stanley B. 1997 physiology/ medicine U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein

Pugwash Conferences 1995 peace (founded 1957)

Purcell, E.M. 1952 physics U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids

Quasimodo, Salvatore 1959 literature Italy poet

Quidde, Ludwig 1927 peace Germany

Rabi, Isidor Isaac 1944 physics U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei

Rabin, Yitzhak 1994 peace Israel

Rainwater, James 1975 physics U.S. work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion

Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata 1930 physics India work on light diffusion; discovery of the Raman effect

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago 1906 physiology/ medicine Spain work on the structure of the nervous system

Ramos-Horta, José 1996 peace East Timor

Ramsay, Sir William 1904 chemistry U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system

Ramsey, Norman Foster 1989 physics U.S. development of the atomic clock

Rayleigh (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron (Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron) 1904 physics U.K. discovery of argon

Reichstein, Tadeus 1950 physiology/ medicine Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

Reines, Frederick 1995 physics U.S. discovery of the neutrino

Renault, Louis 1907 peace France

Reymont, Wladyslaw Stanislaw (Reymont, Władysław Stanisław) 1924 literature Poland novelist

Richards, Dickinson Woodruff 1956 physiology/ medicine U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

Richards, Theodore William 1914 chemistry U.S. accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elements

Richardson, Sir Owen Willans 1928 physics U.K. work on electron emission by hot metals

Richardson, Robert C. 1996 physics U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3

Richet, Charles 1913 physiology/ medicine France work on anaphylaxis

Richter, Burton 1976 physics U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)

Robbins, Frederick Chapman 1954 physiology/ medicine U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

Roberts, Richard J. 1993 physiology/ medicine U.K. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure

Robinson, Sir Robert 1947 chemistry U.K. investigation of alkaloids and other plant products

Rodbell, Martin 1994 physiology/ medicine U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins

Rohrer, Heinrich 1986 physics Switzerland development of electron microscopes

Rolland, Romain 1915 literature France novelist

Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad 1901 physics Germany discovery of X-rays

Roosevelt, Theodore 1906 peace U.S.

Root, Elihu 1912 peace U.S.

Rose, Irwin 2004 chemistry U.S. discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Ross, Sir Ronald 1902 physiology/ medicine U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism

Rotblat, Joseph (Rotblat, Sir Joseph) 1995 peace U.K.

Rous, Peyton 1966 physiology/ medicine U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

Rowland, F. Sherwood 1995 chemistry U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer

Rubbia, Carlo 1984 physics Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory

Ruska, Ernst 1986 physics West Germany development of electron microscopes

Russell, Bertrand 1950 literature U.K. philosopher

Rutherford, Ernest (Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge) 1908 chemistry U.K. investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances

Ruzicka, Leopold (Ružička, Leopold) 1939 chemistry Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes

Ryle, Sir Martin 1974 physics U.K. work in radio astronomy

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

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