Nobel Prize winners by name (A through C)

name year category country* achievement literary area

Abrikosov, Alexey A. 2003 physics U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures

Addams, Jane 1931 peace U.S.

Adrian (of Cambridge), Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron (Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron) 1932 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons

Agnon, S.Y. 1966 literature Israel novelist

Agre, Peter 2003 chemistry U.S. discoveries regarding water channels in cell membranes

Ahtisaari, Martti 2008 peace Finland

Alder, Kurt 1950 chemistry West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis

Aleixandre, Vicente 1977 literature Spain poet

Alferov, Zhores I. (Alferov, Zhores) 2000 physics Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics

Alfvén, Hannes 1970 physics Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism

Allais, Maurice 1988 economics France contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources

Altman, Sidney 1989 chemistry U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA

Alvarez, Luis W. 1968 physics U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states

American Friends Service Committee 1947 peace U.S.

Amnesty International 1977 peace (founded 1961)

Anderson, Carl David 1936 physics U.S. discovery of the positron

Anderson, Philip W. 1977 physics U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids

Andric, Ivo (Andrić, Ivo) 1961 literature Yugoslavia novelist

Anfinsen, Christian B. 1972 chemistry U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry

Angell, Sir Norman 1933 peace U.K.

Appleton, Sir Edward Victor 1947 physics U.K. discovery of the Appleton layer in the upper atmosphere

'Arafat, Yasir (Arafāt, Yāsirʿ) 1994 peace Palestinian

Arber, Werner 1978 physiology/

medicine Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA

Arias Sánchez, Oscar 1987 peace Costa Rica

Arnoldson, Klas Pontus 1908 peace Sweden

Arrhenius, Svante (Arrhenius, Svante August) 1903 chemistry Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociation

Arrow, Kenneth J. 1972 economics U.S. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory

Asser, Tobias Michael Carel 1911 peace The Netherlands

Aston, Francis William 1922 chemistry U.K. work with mass spectrograph; whole-number rule

Asturias, Miguel Ángel 1967 literature Guatemala novelist

Aumann, Robert J. 2005 economics Israel contributions to game-theory analysis

Aung San Suu Kyi 1991 peace Myanmar

Axel, Richard 2004 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

Axelrod, Julius 1970 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve impulse transmission

Baeyer, Adolf von 1905 chemistry Germany work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds

Bajer, Fredrik 1908 peace Denmark

Balch, Emily Greene 1946 peace U.S.

Baltimore, David 1975 physiology/

medicine U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

Banting, Sir Frederick Grant 1923 physiology/

medicine Canada discovery of insulin

Bárány, Robert 1914 physiology/

medicine Austria-Hungary work on vestibular apparatus

Bardeen, John 1956 physics U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor

Bardeen, John 1972 physics U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

Barkla, Charles Glover 1917 physics U.K. discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements

Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise (Barré-Sinoussi, Franƈoise) 2008 physiology/ medicine France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

Barton, Sir Derek H.R. 1969 chemistry U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shapes of molecules

Basov, Nikolay Gennadiyevich 1964 physics U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

Beadle, George Wells 1958 physiology/

medicine U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes

Becker, Gary S. 1992 economics U.S. application of economic theory to social sciences

Beckett, Samuel 1969 literature Ireland novelist,

dramatist

Becquerel, Henri 1903 physics France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity

Bednorz, J. Georg 1987 physics West

Germany discovery of new superconducting materials

Beernaert, Auguste-Marie-François 1909 peace Belgium

Begin, Menachem 1978 peace Israel

Behring, Emil von 1901 physiology/

medicine Germany work on serum therapy

Békésy, Georg von 1961 physiology/

medicine U.S. functions of the inner ear

Bellow, Saul 1976 literature U.S. novelist

Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes 1996 peace East Timor

Benacerraf, Baruj 1980 physiology/

medicine U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

Benavente y Martínez, Jacinto 1922 literature Spain dramatist

Berg, Paul 1980 chemistry U.S. first preparation of a hybrid DNA

Bergius, Friedrich 1931 chemistry Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

Bergson, Henri 1927 literature France philosopher

Bergström, Sune K. 1982 physiology/

medicine Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

Bethe, Hans Albrecht (Bethe, Hans) 1967 physics U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars

Binnig, Gerd 1986 physics West

Germany development of electron microscopes

Bishop, J. Michael 1989 physiology/

medicine U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)

Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Martinius 1903 literature Norway novelist,

poet,

dramatist

Black, Sir James 1988 physiology/

medicine U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

Blackett, Patrick M.S. (Blackett, Patrick M.S., Baron Blackett of Chelsea) 1948 physics U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation

Blobel, Günter 1999 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization

Bloch, Felix 1952 physics U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids

Bloch, Konrad (Bloch, Konrad E.) 1964 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism

Bloembergen, Nicolaas 1981 physics U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy

Blumberg, Baruch S. 1976 physiology/

medicine U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases

Bohr, Aage N. 1975 physics Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion

Bohr, Niels 1922 physics Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation

Böll, Heinrich 1972 literature West

Germany novelist

Bordet, Jules 1919 physiology/

medicine Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum

Borlaug, Norman Ernest 1970 peace U.S.

Born, Max 1954 physics U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions

Bosch, Carl 1931 chemistry Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

Bothe, Walther 1954 physics West Germany invention of the coincidence method

Bourgeois, Léon 1920 peace France

Bovet, Daniel 1957 physiology/

medicine Italy production of synthetic curare

Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns, John Boyd Orr, Baron 1949 peace U.K.

Boyer, Paul D. 1997 chemistry U.S. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate

Bragg, Sir Lawrence 1915 physics U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

Bragg, Sir William 1915 physics U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

Brandt, Willy 1971 peace West

Germany

Branting, Karl Hjalmar 1921 peace Sweden

Brattain, Walter H. 1956 physics U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor

Braun, Ferdinand 1909 physics Germany development of wireless telegraphy

Brenner, Sydney 2002 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Briand, Aristide 1926 peace France

Bridgman, Percy Williams 1946 physics U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics

Brockhouse, Bertram N. 1994 physics Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques

Brodsky, Joseph 1987 literature U.S. poet,

essayist

duc (duke) de (Broglie, Louis-Victor, 7e duc de) 1929 physics France discovery of the wave nature of electrons

Brown, Herbert Charles 1979 chemistry U.S. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances

Brown, Michael S. 1985 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism

Buchanan, James M. 1986 economics U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political science

Buchner, Eduard 1907 chemistry Germany discovery of noncellular fermentation

Buck, Linda B. 2004 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

Buck, Pearl 1938 literature U.S. novelist

Buisson, Ferdinand-Édouard 1927 peace France

Bunche, Ralph 1950 peace U.S.

Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich 1933 literature U.S.S.R. poet, novelist

Burnet, Sir Macfarlane 1960 physiology/

medicine Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants

Butenandt, Adolf (declined) 1939 chemistry Germany work on sexual hormones

Butler, Nicholas Murray 1931 peace U.S.

Calvin, Melvin 1961 chemistry U.S. study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis

Camus, Albert 1957 literature France novelist, dramatist

Canetti, Elias 1981 literature Bulgaria novelist, essayist

Capecchi, Mario R. 2007 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

Carducci, Giosuè 1906 literature Italy poet

Carlsson, Arvid 2000 physiology/

medicine Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

Carrel, Alexis (Carlsson, Arvid) 1912 physiology/

medicine France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs

Carter, Jimmy 2002 peace U.S.

Cassin, René 1968 peace France

Cech, Thomas Robert 1989 chemistry U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA

Cecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount (Cecil, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount) 1937 peace U.K.

Cela, Camilo José 1989 literature Spain novelist

Chadwick, Sir James 1935 physics U.K. discovery of the neutron

Chain, Sir Ernst Boris 1945 physiology/

medicine U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

Chalfie, Martin 2008 chemistry U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

Chamberlain, Sir Austen 1925 peace U.K.

Chamberlain, Owen 1959 physics U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton

Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan 1983 physics U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars

Charpak, Georges 1992 physics France invention of a detector that traces subatomic particles

Chauvin, Yves 2005 chemistry France development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich 1958 physics U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

Chu, Steven 1997 physics U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

Churchill, Sir Winston 1953 literature U.K. historian, orator

Ciechanover, Aaron (Ciechanover, Aaron J.) 2004 chemistry Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

Claude, Albert 1974 physiology/

medicine U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells

Coase, Ronald 1991 economics U.S. application of economic principles to the study of law

Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas 1951 physics U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles

Coetzee, J.M. 2003 literature South Africa novelist

Cohen, Stanley 1986 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells

Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude 1997 physics France process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

Compton, Arthur Holly 1927 physics U.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays

Cooper, Leon N. 1972 physics U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

Corey, Elias James 1990 chemistry U.S. development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex molecules

Cori, Carl and Gerty (Cori, Carl; and Cori, Gerty) 1947 physiology/

medicine U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted

Cormack, Allan MacLeod 1979 physiology/

medicine U.S. development of the CAT scan

Cornforth, Sir John Warcup (Cornforth, Sir John) 1975 chemistry U.K. work in stereochemistry

Corrigan, Mairéad (Corrigan-Maguire, Mairéad) 1976 peace Northern Ireland

Cournand, André F. 1956 physiology/

medicine U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

Cram, Donald J. 1987 chemistry U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules

Cremer, Sir Randal 1903 peace U.K.

Crick, Francis Harry Compton 1962 physiology/

medicine U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

Cronin, James Watson 1980 physics U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge- conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries

Crutzen, Paul 1995 chemistry The Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer

Curie, Marie 1903 physics France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel

Curie, Marie 1911 chemistry France discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium

Curie, Pierre 1903 physics France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel

Curl, Robert F., Jr. 1996 chemistry U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

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