Nobel Prize winners by year

1901–10

1941–50

1981–90 1911–20

1951–60

1991–2000

1921–30

1961–70

2001–08 1931–40

1971–80

1901–10

year category name country* achievement literary area

1901

chemistry

Henricus van 't (Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van 't) The Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure

literature Sully Prudhomme France poet

peace Dunant, Henri Switzerland

peace Passy, Frédéric France

physics Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad Germany discovery of X-rays

physiology/

medicine Behring, Emil von Germany work on serum therapy

1902

chemistry Fischer, Emil Germany work on sugar and purine syntheses

literature Mommsen, Theodor Germany historian

peace Ducommun, Élie Switzerland

peace Gobat, Charles-Albert Switzerland

physics Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon The Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation

physics Zeeman, Pieter The Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation

physiology/

medicine Ross, Sir Ronald U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism

1903

chemistry Arrhenius, Svante (Arrhenius, Svante August) Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociation

literature Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Martinius Norway novelist, poet, dramatist

peace Cremer, Sir Randal U.K.

physics Becquerel, Henri France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity

physics Curie, Marie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel

physics Curie, Pierre France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel

physiology/

medicine Finsen, Niels Ryberg Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light

1904

chemistry Ramsay, Sir William U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system

literature Echegaray y Eizaguirre, José Spain dramatist

literature Mistral, Frédéric France poet

peace Institute of International Law (International Law, Institute of) (founded

1873)

physics Rayleigh (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron (Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron) U.K. discovery of argon

physiology/

medicine Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Russia work on the physiology of digestion

1905

chemistry Baeyer, Adolf von Germany work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds

literature Sienkiewicz, Henryk Poland novelist

peace Suttner, Bertha, Freifrau von Austria-

Hungary

physics Lenard, Philipp Germany research on cathode rays

physiology/

medicine Koch, Robert Germany tuberculosis research

1906

chemistry Moissan, Henri France isolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan furnace

literature Carducci, Giosuè Italy poet

peace Roosevelt, Theodore U.S.

physics Thomson, Sir J.J. U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases

physiology/

medicine Golgi, Camillo Italy work on the structure of the nervous system

physiology/

medicine Ramón y Cajal, Santiago Spain work on the structure of the nervous system

1907

chemistry Buchner, Eduard Germany discovery of noncellular fermentation

literature Kipling, Rudyard U.K. poet, novelist

peace Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro Italy

peace Renault, Louis France

physics Michelson, A.A. U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations

physiology/

medicine Laveran, Alphonse France discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases

1908

chemistry Rutherford, Ernest (Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson, of Cambridge) U.K. investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances

literature Eucken, Rudolf Christoph Germany philosopher

peace Arnoldson, Klas Pontus Sweden

peace Bajer, Fredrik Denmark

physics Lippmann, Gabriel France photographic reproduction of colours

physiology/

medicine Ehrlich, Paul Germany work on immunity

physiology/

medicine Metchnikoff, Élie Russia work on immunity

1909

chemistry Ostwald, Wilhelm Germany pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocities

literature Lagerlöf, Selma Sweden novelist

peace Beernaert, Auguste-Marie-François Belgium

peace Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d' France

physics Braun, Ferdinand Germany development of wireless telegraphy

physics Marconi, Guglielmo Italy development of wireless telegraphy

physiology/

medicine Kocher, Emil Theodor Switzerland physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland

1910

chemistry Wallach, Otto Germany pioneer work in alicyclic combinations

literature Heyse, Paul Johann Ludwig von Germany poet, novelist, dramatist

peace International Peace Bureau (founded 1891)

physics Waals, Johannes Diederik van der The

Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids

physiology/

medicine Kossel, Albrecht Germany researches in cellular chemistry

1911–20

year category name country* achievement literary area

1911

chemistry Curie, Marie France discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium

literature Maeterlinck, Maurice Belgium dramatist

peace Asser, Tobias Michael Carel The Netherlands

peace Fried, Alfred Hermann Austria-

Hungary

physics Wien, Wilhelm Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation

physiology/

medicine Gullstrand, Allvar Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye

1912

chemistry Grignard, Victor France discovery of the Grignard reagents

chemistry Sabatier, Paul France method of hydrogenating

organic compounds

literature Hauptmann, Gerhart Germany dramatist

peace Root, Elihu U.S.

physics Dalén, Nils Sweden invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys

physiology/

medicine Carrel, Alexis France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs

1913

chemistry Werner, Alfred Switzerland work on the linkage of atoms in molecules

literature Tagore, Rabindranath India poet

peace Lafontaine, Henri-Marie Belgium

physics Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike The Netherlands investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium

physiology/

medicine Richet, Charles France work on anaphylaxis

1914

chemistry Richards, Theodore William U.S. accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elements

physics Laue, Max von Germany discovery of diffraction of

X-rays by crystals

physiology/

medicine Bárány, Robert Austria-

Hungary work on vestibular apparatus

1915

chemistry Willstätter, Richard Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll

literature Rolland, Romain France novelist

physics Bragg, Sir Lawrence U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

physics Bragg, Sir William U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays

1916

literature Heidenstam, Verner von Sweden poet

1917

literature Gjellerup, Karl Adolph Denmark novelist

literature Pontoppidan, Henrik Denmark novelist

peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)

physics Barkla, Charles Glover U.K. discovery of characteristic

X-radiation of elements

1918

chemistry Haber, Fritz Germany synthesis of ammonia

literature Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (declined) Sweden poet

physics Planck, Max Germany discovery of the elemental quanta

1919

literature Spitteler, Carl Switzerland poet, novelist

peace Wilson, Woodrow U.S.

physics Stark, Johannes Germany discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric field

physiology/

medicine Bordet, Jules Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum

1920

chemistry Nernst, Walther Hermann Germany work in thermochemistry

literature Hamsun, Knut Norway novelist

peace Bourgeois, Léon France

physics Guillaume, Charles Édouard Switzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys

physiology/

medicine Krogh, August Denmark discovery of capillary motor-regulating mechanism

1921–30

year category name country* achievement literary area

1921

chemistry Soddy, Frederick U.K. chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopes

literature France, Anatole France novelist

peace Branting, Karl Hjalmar Sweden

peace Lange, Christian Lous Norway

physics Einstein, Albert Switzerland work in theoretical physics

1922

chemistry Aston, Francis William U.K. work with mass spectrograph; whole-number rule

literature Benavente y Martínez, Jacinto Spain dramatist

peace Nansen, Fridtjof Norway

physics Bohr, Niels Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation

physiology/

medicine Hill, A.V. U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles

physiology/

medicine Meyerhof, Otto Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles

1923

chemistry Pregl, Fritz Austria method of microanalysis of organic substances

literature Yeats, William Butler Ireland poet

physics Millikan, Robert Andrews U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect

physiology/

medicine Banting, Sir Frederick Grant Canada discovery of insulin

physiology/

medicine Macleod, J.J.R. U.K. discovery of insulin

1924

literature Reymont, Wladyslaw Stanislaw (Reymont, Władysław Stanisław) Poland novelist

physics Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg Sweden work in X-ray spectroscopy

physiology/

medicine Einthoven, Willem The Netherlands discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism

1925

chemistry Zsigmondy, Richard Austria elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions

literature Shaw, George Bernard Ireland dramatist

peace Chamberlain, Sir Austen U.K.

peace Dawes, Charles G. U.S.

physics Franck, James Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom

physics Hertz, Gustav Germany discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom

1926

chemistry Svedberg, Theodor H.E. Sweden work on disperse systems

literature Deledda, Grazia Italy novelist

peace Briand, Aristide France

peace Stresemann, Gustav Germany

physics Perrin, Jean France work on discontinuous structure of matter

physiology/

medicine Fibiger, Johannes Denmark contributions to cancer research

1927

chemistry Wieland, Heinrich Otto Germany researches into the constitution of bile acids

literature Bergson, Henri France philosopher

peace Buisson, Ferdinand- Édouard (Buisson, Ferdinand-Édouard) France

peace Quidde, Ludwig Germany

physics Compton, Arthur Holly U.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays

physics Wilson, C.T.R. U.K. method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles

physiology/

medicine Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica

1928

chemistry Windaus, Adolf Germany constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins

literature Undset, Sigrid Norway novelist

physics Richardson, Sir Owen Willans U.K. work on electron emission by hot metals

physiology/

medicine Nicolle, Charles-Jules-Henri France work on typhus

1929

chemistry Euler-Chelpin, Hans von Sweden investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved

chemistry Harden, Sir Arthur U.K. investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved

literature Mann, Thomas Germany novelist

peace Kellogg, Frank B. U.S.

physics duc (duke) de (Broglie, Louis-Victor, 7e duc de) France discovery of the wave nature of electrons

physiology/

medicine Eijkman, Christiaan The Netherlands discovery of the antineuritic vitamin

physiology/

medicine Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins

1930

chemistry Fischer, Hans Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin

literature Lewis, Sinclair U.S. novelist

peace Söderblom, Nathan Sweden

physics Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata India work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effect

physiology/

medicine Landsteiner, Karl U.S. grouping of human blood types

1931–40

year category name country* achievement literary area

1931

chemistry Bergius, Friedrich Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

chemistry Bosch, Carl Germany invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods

literature Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (posthumous award) Sweden poet

peace Addams, Jane U.S.

peace Butler, Nicholas Murray U.S.

physiology/

medicine Warburg, Otto Germany discovery of nature and action of respiratory enzyme

1932

chemistry Langmuir, Irving U.S. discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry

literature Galsworthy, John U.K. novelist

physics Heisenberg, Werner Germany creation of quantum mechanics

physiology/

medicine Adrian (of Cambridge), Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron (Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron) U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons

physiology/

medicine Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons

1933

literature Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich U.S.S.R. poet, novelist

peace Angell, Sir Norman U.K.

physics Dirac, P.A.M. U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics

physics Schrödinger, Erwin Austria introduction of wave equations

in quantum mechanics

physiology/

medicine Morgan, Thomas Hunt U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes

1934

chemistry Urey, Harold C. U.S. discovery of heavy hydrogen

literature Pirandello, Luigi Italy dramatist

peace Henderson, Arthur U.K.

physiology/

medicine Minot, George Richards U.S. discoveries concerning liver

treatment for anemia

physiology/

medicine Murphy, William P. U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia

physiology/

medicine Whipple, George H. U.S. discoveries concerning liver

treatment for anemia

1935

chemistry Joliot-Curie, Frédéric and Irène France synthesis of new radioactive elements

peace Ossietzky, Carl von Germany

physics Chadwick, Sir James U.K. discovery of the neutron

physiology/

medicine Spemann, Hans Germany organizer effect in embryo

1936

chemistry Debye, Peter The Netherlands work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases

literature O'Neill, Eugene Karlfeldt, Erik AxelU.S. dramatist

peace Saavedra Lamas, Carlos Argentina

physics Anderson, Carl David U.S. discovery of the positron

physics Hess, Victor Francis Austria discovery of cosmic radiation

physiology/

medicine Dale, Sir Henry U.K. work on chemical transmission

of nerve impulses

physiology/

medicine Loewi, Otto Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses

1937

chemistry Haworth, Sir Norman U.K. research on carbohydrates and vitamin C

chemistry Karrer, Paul Switzerland research on carotenoids,

flavins, and vitamins

literature Martin du Gard, Roger France novelist

peace Cecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount (Cecil, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount) U.K.

physics Davisson, Clinton Joseph U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons

physics Thomson, Sir George Paget U.K. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons

physiology/

medicine Szent-Györgyi, Albert Hungary work on biological combustion

1938

chemistry Kuhn, Richard (declined) Germany carotenoid and vitamin research

literature Buck, Pearl U.S. novelist

peace Nansen International Office for Refugees (founded 1931)

physics Fermi, Enrico Italy disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation

physiology/

medicine Heymans, Corneille Belgium discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation

1939

chemistry Butenandt, Adolf (declined) Germany work on sexual hormones

chemistry Ruzicka, Leopold (Ružička, Leopold) Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes

literature Sillanpää, Frans Eemil Finland novelist

physics Lawrence, Ernest Orlando U.S. invention of the cyclotron

physiology/

medicine Domagk, Gerhard (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil

1941–50

year category name country* achievement literary area

1943

chemistry Hevesy, Georg Charles von Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research

physics Stern, Otto U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton

physiology/

medicine Dam, Henrik Denmark discovery of vitamin K

physiology/

medicine Doisy, Edward Adelbert U.S. discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K

1944

chemistry Hahn, Otto Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei

literature Jensen, Johannes V. Denmark novelist

peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)

physics Rabi, Isidor Isaac U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei

physiology/

medicine Erlanger, Joseph U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres

physiology/

medicine Gasser, Herbert Spencer U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres

1945

chemistry Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Finland invention of fodder preservation method

literature Mistral, Gabriela Chile poet

peace Hull, Cordell U.S.

physics Pauli, Wolfgang Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons

physiology/

medicine Chain, Sir Ernst Boris U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

physiology/

medicine Fleming, Sir Alexander U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

physiology/

medicine Florey, Howard Walter Florey, Baron Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value

1946

chemistry Northrop, John Howard U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form

chemistry Stanley, Wendell Meredith U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form

chemistry Sumner, James Batcheller U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallization

literature Hesse, Hermann Switzerland novelist

peace Balch, Emily Greene U.S.

peace Mott, John R. U.S.

physics Bridgman, Percy Williams U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics

physiology/

medicine Muller, Hermann Joseph U.S. production of mutations by X-ray irradiation

1947

chemistry Robinson, Sir Robert U.K. investigation of alkaloids and other plant products

literature Gide, André France novelist, essayist

peace American Friends Service Committee U.S.

peace Friends Service Council (FSC) U.K.

physics Appleton, Sir Edward Victor U.K. discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmosphere

physiology/

medicine Cori, Carl and Gerty U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted

physiology/

medicine Houssay, Bernardo Alberto Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism

1948

chemistry Tiselius, Arne Sweden researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteins

literature Eliot, T.S. U.K. poet, critic

physics Blackett, Patrick M.S. U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation

physiology/

medicine Müller, Paul Hermann Switzerland properties of DDT

1949

chemistry Giauque, William Francis U.S. behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures

literature Faulkner, William U.S. novelist

peace Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns, John Boyd Orr, Baron U.K.

physics Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons

physiology/

medicine Egas Moniz, António Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses

physiology/

medicine Hess, Walter Rudolf Switzerland discovery of function of interbrain

1950

chemistry Alder, Kurt West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis

chemistry Diels, Otto Paul Hermann West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis

literature Russell, Bertrand U.K. philosopher

peace Bunche, Ralph U.S.

physics Powell, Cecil Frank U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons

physiology/

medicine Hench, Philip Showalter U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

physiology/

medicine Kendall, Edward Calvin U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

physiology/

medicine Reichstein, Tadeus Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

1951–60

year category name country* achievement literary area

1951

chemistry McMillan, Edwin Mattison U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements

chemistry Seaborg, Glenn T. U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements

literature Lagerkvist, Pär Sweden novelist

peace Jouhaux, Léon France

physics Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles

physics Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles

physiology/

medicine Theiler, Max South Africa yellow fever discoveries

1952

chemistry Martin, A.J.P. U.K. development of partition chromatography

chemistry Synge, R.L.M. U.K. development of partition chromatography

literature Mauriac, François France poet, novelist, dramatist

peace Schweitzer, Albert Alsace

physics Bloch, Felix U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids

physics Purcell, E.M. U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids

physiology/

medicine Waksman, Selman Abraham U.S. discovery of streptomycin

1953

chemistry Staudinger, Hermann West Germany work on macromolecules

literature Churchill, Sir Winston U.K. historian, orator

peace Marshall, George C. (Marshall, George Catlett) U.S.

physics Zernike, Frits The Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopy

physiology/

medicine Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf U.K. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates

physiology/

medicine Lipmann, Fritz Albert U.S. discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates

1954

chemistry Pauling, Linus U.S. study of the nature of the chemical bond

literature Hemingway, Ernest U.S. novelist

peace United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (founded 1951)

physics Born, Max U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions

physics Bothe, Walther West Germany invention of coincidence method

physiology/

medicine Enders, John Franklin U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

physiology/

medicine Robbins, Frederick Chapman U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

physiology/

medicine Weller, Thomas H. U.S. cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures

1955

chemistry du Vigneaud, Vincent U.S. first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone

literature Laxness, Halldór Iceland novelist

physics Kusch, Polykarp U.S. measurement of magnetic moment of electron

physics Lamb, Willis Eugene, Jr. U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum

physiology/

medicine Theorell, Axel Hugo Teodor Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes

1956

chemistry Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman U.K. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions

chemistry Semyonov, Nikolay Nikolayevich U.S.S.R. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions

literature Jiménez, Juan Ramón Spain poet

physics Bardeen, John U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor

physics Brattain, Walter H. U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor

physics Shockley, William B. U.S. investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor

physiology/

medicine Cournand, André F. U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

physiology/

medicine Forssmann, Werner West Germany discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

physiology/

medicine Richards, Dickinson Woodruff U.S. discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes

1957

chemistry Todd (of Trumpington), Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron (Todd, Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron) U.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes

literature Camus, Albert France novelist, dramatist

peace Pearson, Lester B. Canada

physics Lee, Tsung-Dao China discovery of violations of the principle of parity

physics Yang, Chen Ning China discovery of violations of the principle of parity

physiology/

medicine Bovet, Daniel Italy production of synthetic curare

1958

chemistry Sanger, Frederick U.K. determination of the structure of the insulin molecule

literature Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (declined) U.S.S.R. novelist, poet

peace Pire, Dominique Belgium

physics Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

physics Frank, Ilya Mikhaylovich U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

physics Tamm, Igor Yevgenyevich U.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect

physiology/

medicine Beadle, George Wells U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes

physiology/

medicine Lederberg, Joshua U.S. genetic recombination

physiology/

medicine Tatum, Edward L. U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes

1959

chemistry Heyrovský, Jaroslav Czech. discovery and development of polarography

literature Quasimodo, Salvatore Italy poet

peace Noel-Baker (of the City of Derby), Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron (Noel-Baker, Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron) U.K.

physics Chamberlain, Owen U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton

physics Segrè, Emilio U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton

physiology/

medicine Kornberg, Arthur U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially

physiology/

medicine Ochoa, Severo U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially

1960

chemistry Libby, Willard Frank U.S. development of radiocarbon dating

literature Saint-John Perse France poet

peace Luthuli, Albert John South Africa

physics Glaser, Donald A. U.S. development of the bubble chamber

physiology/

medicine Burnet, Sir Macfarlane Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants

physiology/

medicine Medawar, Sir Peter B. U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants

1961–70

year category name country* achievement literary area

1961

chemistry Calvin, Melvin U.S. study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis

literature Andric, Ivo (Andrić, Ivo) Yugoslavia novelist

peace Hammarskjöld, Dag Sweden

physics Hofstadter, Robert U.S. determination of shape and size of atomic nucleons

physics Mössbauer, Rudolf Ludwig West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect

physiology/

medicine Békésy, Georg von U.S. functions of the inner ear

1962

chemistry Kendrew, Sir John Cowdery U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins

chemistry Perutz, Max Ferdinand U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins

literature Steinbeck, John U.S. novelist

peace Pauling, Linus U.S.

physics Landau, Lev Davidovich U.S.S.R. contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter

physiology/

medicine Crick, Francis Harry Compton U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

physiology/

medicine Watson, James Dewey U.S. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

physiology/

medicine Wilkins, Maurice U.K. discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA

1963

chemistry Natta, Giulio Italy structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics

chemistry Ziegler, Karl West Germany structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics

literature Seferis, George Greece poet

peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)

peace League of Red Cross Societies (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies)

physics Jensen, J. Hans D. West Germany development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei

physics Mayer, Maria Goeppert U.S. development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei

physics Wigner, Eugene Paul U.S. principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

physiology/

medicine Eccles, Sir John Carew Australia study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

physiology/

medicine Hodgkin, Sir Alan U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

physiology/

medicine Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding U.K. study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre

1964

chemistry Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot) U.K. determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia

literature Sartre, Jean-Paul (declined) France philosopher, dramatist

peace King, Martin Luther, Jr. U.S.

physics Basov, Nikolay Gennadiyevich U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

physics Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich U.S.S.R. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

physics Townes, Charles Hard U.S. work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles

physiology/

medicine Bloch, Konrad (Bloch, Konrad E.) U.S. discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism

physiology/

medicine Lynen, Feodor West Germany discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism

1965

chemistry Woodward, R.B. (Woodward, Robert Burns) U.S. synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances

literature Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich U.S.S.R. novelist

peace United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) (founded 1946)

physics Feynman, Richard P. U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

physics Schwinger, Julian Seymour U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

physics Tomonaga Shin'ichiro (Tomonaga Shin'ichirō) Japan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics

physiology/

medicine Jacob, François France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells

physiology/

medicine Lwoff, André France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells

physiology/

medicine Monod, Jacques France discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells

1966

chemistry Mulliken, Robert Sanderson U.S. work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules

literature Agnon, S.Y. Israel novelist

literature Sachs, Nelly Sweden poet

physics Kastler, Alfred France discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms

physiology/

medicine Huggins, Charles B. U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

physiology/

medicine Rous, Peyton U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer

1967

chemistry Eigen, Manfred West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

chemistry Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

chemistry Porter, Sir George (Porter, Sir George, Baron Porter of Luddenham) U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions

literature Asturias, Miguel Ángel Guatemala novelist

physics Bethe, Hans Albrecht (Bethe, Hans) U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars

physiology/

medicine Granit, Ragnar Arthur Sweden discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

physiology/

medicine Hartline, Haldan Keffer U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

physiology/

medicine Wald, George U.S. discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye

1968

chemistry Onsager, Lars U.S. work on theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes

literature Kawabata Yasunari Japan novelist

peace Cassin, René France

physics Alvarez, Luis W. U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states

physiology/

medicine Holley, Robert William U.S. deciphering of the genetic code

physiology/

medicine Khorana, Har Gobind U.S. deciphering of the genetic code

physiology/

medicine Nirenberg, Marshall William (Nirenberg, Marshall Warren) U.S. deciphering of the genetic code

1969

chemistry Barton, Sir Derek H.R. U.K. work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules

chemistry Hassel, Odd Norway work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules

economics Frisch, Ragnar Norway work in econometrics

economics Tinbergen, Jan The Netherlands work in econometrics

literature Beckett, Samuel Ireland novelist, dramatist

peace International Labour Organisation (International Labour Organization) (founded 1919)

physics Gell-Mann, Murray U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions

physiology/

medicine Delbrück, Max U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

physiology/

medicine Hershey, A.D. U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

physiology/

medicine Luria, Salvador U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases

1970

chemistry Leloir, Luis Federico Argentina discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates

economics Samuelson, Paul U.S. work in scientific analysis of economic theory

literature Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich U.S.S.R. novelist

peace Borlaug, Norman Ernest U.S.

physics Alfvén, Hannes Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism

physics Néel, Louis-Eugène-Félix France work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism

physiology/

medicine Axelrod, Julius U.S. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission

physiology/

medicine Euler, Ulf von Sweden discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission

physiology/

medicine Katz, Sir Bernard U.K. discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission

1971–80

year category name country* achievement literary area

1971

chemistry Herzberg, Gerhard Canada research in the structure of molecules

economics Kuznets, Simon U.S. extensive research on the economic growth of nations

literature Neruda, Pablo Chile poet

peace Brandt, Willy West Germany

physics Gabor, Dennis U.K. invention of holography

physiology/

medicine Sutherland, Earl W., Jr. U.S. action of hormones

1972

chemistry Anfinsen, Christian B. U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry

chemistry Moore, Stanford U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry

chemistry Stein, William H. U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry

economics Arrow, Kenneth J. U.S. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory

economics Hicks, Sir John R. U.K. contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory

literature Böll, Heinrich West Germany novelist

physics Bardeen, John U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

physics Cooper, Leon N. U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

physics Schrieffer, John Robert U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity

physiology/

medicine Edelman, Gerald Maurice U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies

physiology/

medicine Porter, Rodney Robert U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies

1973

chemistry Fischer, Ernst Otto West Germany organometallic chemistry

chemistry Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey U.K. organometallic chemistry

economics Leontief, Wassily U.S. input-output analysis

literature White, Patrick Australia novelist

peace Kissinger, Henry A. U.S.

peace Le Duc Tho (declined) North Vietnam

physics Esaki, Leo Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

physics Giaever, Ivar U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

physics Josephson, Brian D. U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors

physiology/

medicine Frisch, Karl von Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

physiology/

medicine Lorenz, Konrad Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

physiology/

medicine Tinbergen, Nikolaas U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns

1974

chemistry Flory, Paul J. U.S. studies of long-chain molecules

economics Hayek, Friedrich von (Hayek, F.A.) U.K. pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena

economics Myrdal, Gunnar Sweden pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena

literature Johnson, Eyvind Sweden novelist

literature Martinson, Harry Sweden novelist, poet

peace MacBride, Seán Ireland

peace Sato Eisaku (Satō Eisaku) Japan

physics Hewish, Antony U.K. work in radio astronomy

physics Ryle, Sir Martin U.K. work in radio astronomy

physiology/

medicine Claude, Albert U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells

physiology/

medicine Duve, Christian René de Belgium research on structural and functional organization of cells

physiology/

medicine Palade, George E. U.S. research on structural and functional organization of cells

1975

chemistry Cornforth, Sir John Warcup (Cornforth, Sir John) U.K. work in stereochemistry

chemistry Prelog, Vladimir Switzerland work in stereochemistry

economics Kantorovich, Leonid Vitalyevich U.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources

economics Koopmans, Tjalling C. U.S. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources

literature Montale, Eugenio Italy poet

peace Sakharov, Andrey Dmitriyevich U.S.S.R.

physics Bohr, Aage N. Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion

physics Mottelson, Ben R. Denmark work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion

physics Rainwater, James U.S. work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion

physiology/

medicine Baltimore, David U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

physiology/

medicine Dulbecco, Renato U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

physiology/

medicine Temin, Howard Martin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell

1976

chemistry Lipscomb, William Nunn, Jr. U.S. structure of boranes

economics Friedman, Milton U.S. consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization

literature Bellow, Saul U.S. novelist

peace Corrigan, Mairéad (Corrigan-Maguire, Mairéad) Northern Ireland

peace Williams, Betty Northern Ireland

physics Richter, Burton U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)

physics Ting, Samuel C.C. U.S. discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)

physiology/

medicine Blumberg, Baruch S. U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases

physiology/

medicine Gajdusek, D. Carleton U.S. studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases

1977

chemistry Prigogine, Ilya Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamics

economics Meade, James Edward U.K. contributions to theory of international trade

economics Ohlin, Bertil Sweden contributions to theory of international trade

literature Aleixandre, Vicente Spain poet

peace Amnesty International (founded 1961)

physics Anderson, Philip W. U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids

physics Mott, Sir Nevill F. U.K. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids

physics Van Vleck, John H. U.S. contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids

physiology/

medicine Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis U.S. research on pituitary hormones

physiology/

medicine Schally, Andrew Victor (Schally, Andrew V.) U.S. research on pituitary hormones

physiology/

medicine Yalow, Rosalyn S. U.S. development of radioimmunoassay

1978

chemistry Mitchell, Peter Dennis U.K. formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in biological systems

economics Simon, Herbert Alexander (Simon, Herbert A.) U.S. decision-making processes in economic organizations

literature Singer, Isaac Bashevis U.S. novelist

peace Begin, Menachem Israel

peace Sadat, Anwar el- (Sādāt, Anwar el-) Egypt

physics Kapitsa, Pyotr Leonidovich U.S.S.R. invention and application of helium liquefier

physics Penzias, Arno U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory

physics Wilson, Robert Woodrow U.S. discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory

physiology/

medicine Arber, Werner Switzerland discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA

physiology/

medicine Nathans, Daniel U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA

physiology/

medicine Smith, Hamilton Othanel U.S. discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA

1979

chemistry Brown, Herbert Charles U.S. introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances

chemistry Wittig, Georg West Germany introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances

economics Lewis, Sir Arthur U.K. analyses of economic processes in developing nations

economics Schultz, Theodore William U.S. analyses of economic processes in developing nations

literature Elytis, Odysseus Greece poet

peace Teresa, Mother (Teresa, Blessed Mother) India

physics Glashow, Sheldon Lee U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles

physics Salam, Abdus Pakistan unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles

physics Weinberg, Steven U.S. unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles

physiology/

medicine Cormack, Allan MacLeod U.S. development of the CAT scan

physiology/

medicine Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold U.K. development of the CAT scan

1980

chemistry Berg, Paul U.S. first preparation of a hybrid DNA

chemistry Gilbert, Walter U.S. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure

chemistry Sanger, Frederick U.K. development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure

economics Klein, Lawrence Robert U.S. development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuations

literature Milosz, Czeslaw (Miłosz, Czesław) U.S. poet

peace Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo Argentina

physics Cronin, James Watson U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries

physics Fitch, Val Logsdon U.S. demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries

physiology/

medicine Benacerraf, Baruj U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

physiology/

medicine

Gabriel-Joachim (Dausset, Jean) France investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

physiology/

medicine Snell, George Davis U.S. investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances

1981–90

year category name country* achievement literary area

1981

chemistry Fukui Kenichi Japan orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions

chemistry Hoffmann, Roald U.S. orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions

economics Tobin, James U.S. portfolio selection theory of investment

literature Canetti, Elias Bulgaria novelist, essayist

peace United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (founded 1951)

physics Bloembergen, Nicolaas U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy

physics Schawlow, Arthur Leonard (Schawlow, Arthur L.) U.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy

physics Siegbahn, Kai Manne Börje Sweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis

physiology/

medicine Hubel, David Hunter U.S. processing of visual information by the brain

physiology/

medicine Sperry, Roger Wolcott U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheres

physiology/

medicine Wiesel, Torsten Nils Sweden processing of visual information by the brain

1982

chemistry Klug, Aaron U.K. determination of structure of biological substances

economics Stigler, George J. U.S. economic effects of governmental regulation

literature García Márquez, Gabriel Colombia novelist, journalist, social critic

peace García Robles, Alfonso Mexico

peace Myrdal, Alva (Myrdal, Alva Reimer) Sweden

physics Wilson, Kenneth Geddes U.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions

physiology/

medicine Bergström, Sune K. Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

physiology/

medicine Samuelsson, Bengt Ingemar Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

physiology/

medicine Vane, John Robert (Vane, Sir John Robert) U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins

1983

chemistry Taube, Henry U.S. study of electron transfer reactions

economics Debreu, Gerard U.S. mathematical proof of supply and demand theory

literature Golding, Sir William U.K. novelist

peace Walesa, Lech (Wałęsa, Lech) Poland

physics Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars

physics Fowler, William A. U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars

physiology/

medicine McClintock, Barbara U.S. discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity

1984

chemistry Merrifield, Bruce U.S. development of a method of polypeptide synthesis

economics Stone, Sir Richard U.K. development of national income accounting system

literature Seifert, Jaroslav Czech. poet

peace Tutu, Desmond South Africa

physics Meer, Simon van der The Netherlands discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory

physics Rubbia, Carlo Italy discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory

physiology/

medicine Jerne, Niels K. U.K.-Denmark theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies

physiology/

medicine Köhler, Georges J.F. West Germany theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies

physiology/

medicine Milstein, César Argentina theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies

1985

chemistry Hauptman, Herbert A. U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules

chemistry Karle, Jerome U.S. development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules

economics Modigliani, Franco U.S. analyses of household savings and financial markets

literature Simon, Claude France novelist

peace International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (founded 1980)

physics Klitzing, Klaus von West Germany discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance

physiology/

medicine Brown, Michael S. U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism

physiology/

medicine Goldstein, Joseph L. U.S. discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism

1986

chemistry Herschbach, Dudley R. U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions

chemistry Lee, Yuan T. U.S. development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions

chemistry Polanyi, John C. Canada development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions

economics Buchanan, James M. U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political science

literature Soyinka, Wole Nigeria playwright, poet

peace Wiesel, Elie U.S.

physics Binnig, Gerd West Germany development of special electron microscopes

physics Rohrer, Heinrich Switzerland development of special electron microscopes

physics Ruska, Ernst West Germany development of special electron microscopes

physiology/

medicine Cohen, Stanley U.S. discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells

physiology/

medicine Levi-Montalcini, Rita Italy discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells

1987

chemistry Cram, Donald J. U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules

chemistry Lehn, Jean-Marie France development of molecules that can link with other molecules

chemistry Pedersen, Charles J. U.S. development of molecules that can link with other molecules

economics Solow, Robert Merton (Solow, Robert M.) U.S. contributions to the theory of economic growth

literature Brodsky, Joseph U.S. poet, essayist

peace Arias Sánchez, Oscar Costa Rica

physics Bednorz, J. Georg West Germany discovery of new superconducting materials

physics Müller, Karl Alex Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materials

physiology/

medicine Tonegawa Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies

1988

chemistry Deisenhofer, Johann West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis

chemistry Huber, Robert West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis

chemistry Michel, Hartmut West Germany discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis

economics Allais, Maurice France contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources

literature Mahfouz, Naguib Egypt novelist

peace United Nations Peacekeeping Forces

physics Lederman, Leon Max U.S. research in subatomic particles

physics Schwartz, Melvin U.S. research in subatomic particles

physics Steinberger, Jack U.S. research in subatomic particles

physiology/

medicine Black, Sir James U.K. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

physiology/

medicine Elion, Gertrude Belle (Elion, Gertrude B.) U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

physiology/

medicine Hitchings, George Herbert U.S. development of new classes of drugs for combating disease

1989

chemistry Altman, Sidney U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA

chemistry Cech, Thomas Robert U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA

economics Haavelmo, Trygve Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting

literature Cela, Camilo José Spain novelist

peace Dalai Lama Tibet

physics Dehmelt, Hans Georg U.S. development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study

physics Paul, Wolfgang West Germany development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study

physics Ramsey, Norman Foster U.S. development of the atomic clock

physiology/

medicine Bishop, J. Michael U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes

physiology/

medicine Varmus, Harold U.S. study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes

1990

chemistry Corey, Elias James U.S. development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex molecules

economics Markowitz, Harry M. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making

economics Miller, Merton H. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making

economics Sharpe, William F. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making

literature Paz, Octavio Mexico poet, essayist

peace Gorbachev, Mikhail U.S.S.R.

physics Friedman, Jerome Isaac U.S. discovery of atomic quarks

physics Kendall, Henry Way (Kendall, Henry) U.S. discovery of atomic quarks

physics Taylor, Richard E. Canada discovery of atomic quarks

physiology/

medicine Murray, Joseph E. U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants

physiology/

medicine Thomas, E. Donnall U.S. development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants

1991–2000

year category name country* achievement literary area

1991

chemistry Ernst, Richard R. Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

economics Coase, Ronald U.S. application of economic principles to the study of law

literature Gordimer, Nadine South Africa novelist

peace Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar

physics Gennes, Pierre-Gilles de France discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules

physiology/

medicine Neher, Erwin Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases

physiology/

medicine Sakmann, Bert Germany discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases

1992

chemistry Marcus, Rudolph A. U.S. explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules

economics Becker, Gary S. U.S. application of economic theory to social sciences

literature Walcott, Derek St. Lucia poet

peace Menchú, Rigoberta Guatemala

physics Charpak, Georges France inventor of detector that traces subatomic particles

physiology/

medicine Fischer, Edmond H. U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases

physiology/

medicine Krebs, Edwin Gerhard U.S. discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases

1993

chemistry Mullis, Kary B. U.S. inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation

chemistry Smith, Michael Canada inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation

economics Fogel, Robert William U.S. contributions to economic history

economics North, Douglass C. U.S. contributions to economic history

literature Morrison, Toni U.S. novelist

peace de Klerk, F.W. South Africa

peace Mandela, Nelson South Africa

physics Hulse, Russell Alan U.S. identifying binary pulsars

physics Taylor, Joseph H., Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsars

physiology/

medicine Roberts, Richard J. U.K. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure

physiology/

medicine Sharp, Phillip A. U.S. discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic structure

1994

chemistry Olah, George A. U.S. development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules

economics Harsanyi, John C. U.S. development of game theory

economics Nash, John F. (Nash, John F., Jr.) U.S. development of game theory

economics Selten, Reinhard Germany development of game theory

literature Oe Kenzaburo (Ōe Kenzaburō) Japan novelist

peace Arafat, Yasir (Arafāt, Yāsirʿ) Palestinian

peace Peres, Shimon Israel

peace Rabin, Yitzhak Israel

physics Brockhouse, Bertram N. Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques

physics Shull, Clifford G. U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniques

physiology/

medicine Gilman, Alfred G. U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins

physiology/

medicine Rodbell, Martin U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins

1995

chemistry Crutzen, Paul The Netherlands explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer

chemistry Molina, Mario U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer

chemistry Rowland, F. Sherwood U.S. explanation of processes that deplete Earth's ozone layer

economics Lucas, Robert E., Jr. U.S. incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theory

literature Heaney, Seamus Ireland poet

peace Pugwash Conferences (founded 1957)

peace Rotblat, Joseph (Rotblat, Sir Joseph) U.K.

physics Perl, Martin Lewis U.S. discovery of tau subatomic particle

physics Reines, Frederick U.S. discovery of neutrino subatomic particle

physiology/

medicine Lewis, Edward B. U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development

physiology/

medicine Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane Germany identification of genes that control the body's early structural development

physiology/

medicine Wieschaus, Eric F. U.S. identification of genes that control the body's early structural development

1996

chemistry Curl, Robert F., Jr. U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes

chemistry Kroto, Sir Harold W. U.K. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes

chemistry Smalley, Richard E. U.S. discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes

economics Mirrlees, James A. U.K. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information

economics Vickrey, William U.S. contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information

literature Szymborska, Wislawa (Szymborska, Wisława) Poland poet

peace Belo, Carlos Felipe Ximenes (Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes) Timorese

peace Ramos-Horta, José Timorese

physics Lee, David M. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3

physics Osheroff, Douglas D. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3

physics Richardson, Robert C. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3

physiology/

medicine Doherty, Peter C. Australia discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells

physiology/

medicine Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Switzerland discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells

1997

chemistry Boyer, Paul D. U.S. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate

chemistry Skou, Jens C. Denmark discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase

chemistry Walker, John E. U.K. explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate

economics Merton, Robert C. U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives

economics Scholes, Myron S. U.S. methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives

literature Fo, Dario Italy playwright, actor

peace International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992)

peace Williams, Jody U.S.

physics Chu, Steven U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

physics Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude France process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

physics Phillips, William D. U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling

physiology/

medicine Prusiner, Stanley B. U.S. discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein

1998

chemistry Kohn, Walter U.S. development of the density-functional theory

chemistry Pople, John A. (Pople, Sir John A.) U.K. development of computational methods in quantum chemistry

economics Sen, Amartya India contribution to welfare economics

literature Saramago, José Portugal novelist

peace Hume, John Northern Ireland

peace Trimble, David Northern Ireland

physics Laughlin, Robert B. U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect

physics Störmer, Horst L. U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect

physics Tsui, Daniel C. U.S. discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect

physiology/

medicine Furchgott, Robert F. U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

physiology/

medicine Ignarro, Louis J. U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

physiology/

medicine Murad, Ferid U.S. discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system

1999

chemistry Zewail, Ahmed H. Egypt/U.S. study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy

economics Mundell, Robert A. Canada analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimes

literature Grass, Günter Germany novelist

peace Doctors Without Borders (founded 1971)

physics Hooft, Gerardus 't The Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions

physics Veltman, Martinus J.G. The Netherlands study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions

physiology/

medicine Blobel, Günter U.S. discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization

2000

chemistry Heeger, Alan J. U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

chemistry MacDiarmid, Alan G. U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

chemistry Shirakawa Hideki Japan discovery of plastics that conduct electricity

economics Heckman, James J. U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour

economics McFadden, Daniel L. U.S. development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour

literature Gao Xingjian France novelist, playwright

peace Kim Dae Jung South Korea

physics Alferov, Zhores I. (Alferov, Zhores) Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics

physics Kilby, Jack S. (Kilby, Jack) U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip)

physics Kroemer, Herbert Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics

physiology/

medicine Carlsson, Arvid Sweden discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

physiology/

medicine Greengard, Paul U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

physiology/

medicine Kandel, Eric R. (Kandel, Eric) U.S. discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain

2001–07

year category name country* achievement literary area

2001

chemistry Knowles, William S. U.S. work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions

chemistry Noyori Ryoji (Noyori Ryōji) Japan work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions

chemistry Sharpless, K. Barry U.S. work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions

economics Akerlof, George A. U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information

economics Spence, A. Michael U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information

economics Stiglitz, Joseph E. U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information

literature Naipaul, Sir V.S. Trinidad novelist

peace United Nations (founded 1945)

peace Annan, Kofi Ghana

physics Cornell, Eric A. U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates

physics Ketterle, Wolfgang Germany achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates

physics Wieman, Carl E. U.S. achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates

● physiology/

● medicine

Hartwell, Leland H. U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle

● physiology/

● medicine

Hunt, R. Timothy U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle

● physiology/

● medicine

Nurse, Sir Paul M. U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle

2002

chemistry Fenn, John B. U.S. development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules

chemistry Tanaka Koichi Japan development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules

chemistry Wüthrich, Kurt Switzerland development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules

economics Kahneman, Daniel U.S./Israel integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision making under uncertainty

economics Smith, Vernon L. U.S. establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis

literature Kertész, Imre Hungary novelist

peace Carter, Jimmy U.S.

physics Davis, Raymond, Jr. U.S. detection of neutrinos

physics Giacconi, Riccardo U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays

physics Koshiba Masatoshi Japan detection of neutrinos

● physiology/

● medicine

Brenner, Sydney U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

● physiology/

● medicine

Horvitz, H. Robert U.S. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

● physiology/

● medicine

Sulston, John E. U.K. discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)

2003

chemistry Agre, Peter U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells

chemistry MacKinnon, Roderick U.S. discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells

economics Engle, Robert F. U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data

economics Granger, Clive W.J. U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data

literature Coetzee, J.M. South Africa novelist

peace Ebadi, Shirin (Maathai, Wangari) Iran

physics Abrikosov, Alexei A. (Abrikosov, Alexey A.) U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures

physics Ginzburg, Vitaly L. (Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich) Russia discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures

physics Leggett, Anthony J. U.S. discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures

● physiology/

● medicine

Lauterbur, Paul U.S. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

● physiology/

● medicine

Mansfield, Sir Peter U.K. development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

2004

chemistry Ciechanover, Aaron (Ciechanover, Aaron J.) Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

chemistry Hershko, Avram Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

chemistry Rose, Irwin U.S. discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation

economics Kydland, Finn E. Norway contributions to dynamic macroeconomics

economics Prescott, Edward C. U.S. contributions to dynamic macroeconomics

literature Jelinek, Elfriede Austria novelist, playwright

peace Maathai, Wangari Kenya

● physiology/

● medicine

Axel, Richard U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

● physiology/

● medicine

Buck, Linda B. U.S. discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system

physics Gross, David J. U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

physics Politzer, H. David U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

physics Wilczek, Frank U.S. discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction

2005

chemistry Chauvin, Yves France development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

chemistry Grubbs, Robert H. U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

chemistry Schrock, Richard R. U.S. development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis

economics Aumann, Robert J. Israel contributions to game-theory analysis

economics Schelling, Thomas C. U.S. contributions to game-theory analysis

literature Pinter, Harold U.K. playwright

peace ElBaradei, Mohamed Egypt

peace International Atomic Energy Agency (founded 1957)

physics Glauber, Roy J. U.S. contributions to the field of optics

physics Hall, John L. U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy

physics Hänsch, Theodor W. Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy

● physiology/

● medicine

Marshall, Barry J. Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease

● physiology/

● medicine

Warren, J. Robin Australia discovery of bacteria's role in peptic ulcer disease

2006

chemistry Kornberg, Roger D. U.S. work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription

economics Phelps, Edmund S. U.S. analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy

literature Pamuk, Orhan Turkey novelist

peace Grameen Bank (founded 1976)

peace Yunus, Muhammad Bangladesh

physics Mather, John C. U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation

physics Smoot, George F. U.S. discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation

physiology/

medicine Fire, Andrew Z. U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

physiology/

medicine Mello, Craig C. U.S. discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA

2007

chemistry Ertl, Gerhard Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces

economics Hurwicz, Leonid U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

economics Maskin, Eric S. U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

economics Myerson, Roger B. U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory

literature Lessing, Doris U.S. novelist

peace Gore, Al U.S.

peace Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (founded 1988)

physics Fert, Albert France discovery of giant magnetoresistance

physics Grünberg, Peter Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance

physiology/

medicine Capecchi, Mario R. U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

physiology/

medicine Evans, Sir Martin J. U.K. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

physiology/

medicine Smithies, Oliver U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells

2008

chemistry Chalfie, Martin U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

chemistry Shimomura, Osamu U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

chemistry Tsien, Roger Y. U.S. discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP

economics Krugman, Paul U.S. analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity

literature Le Clézio, Jean-Marie Gustave France novelist,

essayist

peace Ahtisaari, Martti Finland

physics Kobayashi Makoto Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature

physics Maskawa Toshihide Japan discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature

physics Nambu, Yoichiro U.S. discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics

physiology/

medicine Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise (Barré-Sinoussi, Franƈoise) France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

physiology/

medicine Montagnier, Luc France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus

physiology/

medicine zur Hausen, Harald Germany discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.