Nobel Prize winners by year (1941–50)

year category name country* achievement literary area

1943

chemistry Hevesy, Georg Charles von Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research

physics Stern, Otto U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton

physiology/

medicine Dam, Henrik Denmark discovery of vitamin K

physiology/

medicine Doisy, Edward Adelbert U.S. discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K

1944

chemistry Hahn, Otto Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei

literature Jensen, Johannes V. Denmark novelist

peace International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)

physics Rabi, Isidor Isaac U.S. resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei

physiology/

medicine Erlanger, Joseph U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres

physiology/

medicine Gasser, Herbert Spencer U.S. researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres

1945

chemistry Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Finland invention of fodder preservation method

literature Mistral, Gabriela Chile poet

peace Hull, Cordell U.S.

physics Pauli, Wolfgang Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons

physiology/

medicine Chain, Sir Ernst Boris U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

physiology/

medicine Fleming, Sir Alexander U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value

physiology/

medicine Florey, Howard Walter Florey, Baron Australia discovery of penicillin and its curative value

1946

chemistry Northrop, John Howard U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form

chemistry Stanley, Wendell Meredith U.S. preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form

chemistry Sumner, James Batcheller U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallization

literature Hesse, Hermann Switzerland novelist

peace Balch, Emily Greene U.S.

peace Mott, John R. U.S.

physics Bridgman, Percy Williams U.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics

physiology/

medicine Muller, Hermann Joseph U.S. production of mutations by X-ray irradiation

1947

chemistry Robinson, Sir Robert U.K. investigation of alkaloids and other plant products

literature Gide, André France novelist, essayist

peace American Friends Service Committee U.S.

peace Friends Service Council (FSC) U.K.

physics Appleton, Sir Edward Victor U.K. discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmosphere

physiology/

medicine Cori, Carl and Gerty U.S. discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted

physiology/

medicine Houssay, Bernardo Alberto Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism

1948

chemistry Tiselius, Arne Sweden researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteins

literature Eliot, T.S. U.K. poet, critic

physics Blackett, Patrick M.S. U.K. discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation

physiology/

medicine Müller, Paul Hermann Switzerland properties of DDT

1949

chemistry Giauque, William Francis U.S. behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures

literature Faulkner, William U.S. novelist

peace Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns, John Boyd Orr, Baron U.K.

physics Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons

physiology/

medicine Egas Moniz, António Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses

physiology/

medicine Hess, Walter Rudolf Switzerland discovery of function of interbrain

1950

chemistry Alder, Kurt West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis

chemistry Diels, Otto Paul Hermann West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis

literature Russell, Bertrand U.K. philosopher

peace Bunche, Ralph U.S.

physics Powell, Cecil Frank U.K. photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons

physiology/

medicine Hench, Philip Showalter U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

physiology/

medicine Kendall, Edward Calvin U.S. research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

physiology/

medicine Reichstein, Tadeus Switzerland research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects

*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.

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