defile in south-central Romania. The defile was cut into the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians) by the Olt River. It was particularly important during the Roman occupation (1st century BC to the 2nd century AD), when the Romans built a road and a line of fortifications along the Olt, north of its junction with the Danube River. The line of fortifications, known as the Limes Alutanus, for a time marked the eastern frontier of Roman Dacia. Remains of Roman castra have been found in the villages of Boiţa, Câlineni, and Călimăneşti. Several monasteries and hermitages were built in the area from the 14th to 18th century. The 17th-century Turnul Monastery includes cells carved into the cliffs by hermits from the nearby Cozia Monastery (14th century), known for its exterior frescoes. The Ostrov Hermitage was built in the 16th century, and the Cornet Hermitage dates from the 17th and 18th centuries. Fortresses (16th century) are located in Turnu Roşu and Boiţa. Hot-springs resorts are situated in the Brezoi-Titeşti Depression of the defile. Walnut and oak trees, wild roses, and white ivy grow in the surrounding mountains. Highway and railway connections run along the defile between Râmnicu Vâlcea and Sibiu.