Italian stanza form composed of eight 11-syllable lines, rhyming abababcc. It originated in the late 13th and early 14th centuries and was developed by Tuscan poets for religious verse and drama and in troubadour songs. The form appeared in Spain and Portugal in the 16th century. It was used in 1600 in England (where the lines were shortened to 10 syllables) by Edward Fairfax in his translation of Torquato Tasso. In his romantic epics Il filostrato (written c. 1338) and Teseida (written 1340–41) Boccaccio (Boccaccio, Giovanni) established ottava rima as the standard form for epic and narrative verse in Italy. The form acquired new flexibility and variety in Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando furioso (c. 1507–32) and Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata (published 1581). In English verse ottava rima was used for heroic poetry in the 17th and 18th centuries but achieved its greatest effectiveness in the work of Byron. His Beppo (1818) and Don Juan (1819–24) combined elements of comedy, seriousness, and mock-heroic irony. Shelley employed it for a serious subject in The Witch of Atlas (1824).