in religion, opposition to the use of icons or visual images to depict living creatures or religious figures. Such opposition is particularly relevant to the Jewish, Islāmic, and Byzantine artistic traditions.

The biblical Second Commandment (part of the First Commandment to Roman Catholics and Lutherans), “You shall not make yourself a graven image, or any likeness of anything,” which had been intended as a protection against idol worship, came to have a restricting effect on the production of Jewish art, though this effect varied in strength in different periods and was strongest on sculpture. Figural representations were absolutely prohibited in the early period of Islām and under the Berber dynasties of Africa and the Mamlūks of Egypt and Syria, though under the ʿAbbāsids and most of the Shīʿite and Turkish dynasties, it was excluded only from public buildings. In the Byzantine Empire, during the Iconoclastic Controversy (725–843), a ban was imposed on the representations of saintly or divine personages.