according to the French critic Hippolyte Taine (Taine, Hippolyte), the three principal motives or conditioning factors behind any work of art (arts, the). Taine sought to establish a scientific approach to literature through the investigation of what created the individual who created the work of art.

By “race” he meant the inherited disposition or temperament that persists stubbornly over thousands of years. By “milieu” he meant the circumstances or environment that modify the inherited racial disposition. By “moment” Taine meant the momentum of past and present cultural traditions.

The literature of a culture, according to Taine, will show the most sensitive and unguarded displays of motive and the psychology of a people.