English soldier and republican who fought for Parliament during the English Civil Wars.

His father, Captain William Rainborow, had been an officer in the royal navy. Thomas commanded the Swallow in the Parliamentary fleet in 1643. Transferred to the land forces, he became a colonel, and in 1645, in command of a regiment in the New Model Army, he fought at Naseby, Northamptonshire, and at the sieges of Bristol and Worcester. He became a member of Parliament for Droitwich, Worcestershire (1646), took a prominent part in the debates in the army council (1647) concerning the army's negotiations with Charles I, and was a leader of the republican officers and a supporter of the Leveller document, Agreement of the People, which called for manhood suffrage and religious toleration. This stand caused a division between Rainborow and the army commanders, but in December 1647 he was reconciled with Oliver Cromwell. Appointed commander for the siege of Pontefract Castle, he was mortally wounded on the battlefield at Doncaster.