the doyenne of American high society in the latter half of the 19th century, who held the ground of “old money” in the face of changing times and values.

Caroline Schermerhorn was the daughter of a wealthy merchant and had colonial Dutch aristocracy on both sides of her family tree. Her marriage to William Astor, son of William Backhouse Astor and grandson of John Jacob Astor (Astor, John Jacob), in September 1853 united her fortune with an even greater one. Her social career was unremarkable until the late 1860s, when the social and political turmoil of a rapidly expanding and industrializing economy threw up numbers of nouveaux riches eager for admittance to the upper circles. Astor determined to be the arbiter of society and to maintain the primacy of family and old wealth. In this ambition she had first to unseat her sister-in-law, Mrs. John Jacob Astor III, and to that end she enlisted the support of Ward McAllister (McAllister, (Samuel) Ward), well-known socialite, bon vivant, snob, promoter of Newport, and unspoken arbiter of the ranks of “the Four Hundred” (the social elite). By dint of lavish entertainments, notably her annual January balls and her more exclusive dinner parties, and sheer force of personality, she succeeded in both ambitions. She was forced to concede somewhat in calling on the parvenu Alva E.S. Vanderbilt Belmont (Belmont, Alva) in 1883 in order to secure an invitation for her daughter to the great Vanderbilt costume ball, but through the 1880s and '90s she managed to hold the upper crust together in a semblance of its old self. Her unshakable insistence on being recognized as the head of the family and being addressed simply as “Mrs. Astor” following the death of John J. Astor III in 1890 was to a large degree responsible for the removal of William Waldorf Astor and his wife to England later that year. Caroline Astor was the owner of an impressive collection of jewelry, which she wore ostentatiously. Her stature as the grande dame of American aristocratic society survived in the public estimation even after the inevitable passing of the kind of society that could be so dominated. An invalid in her last two years, she died at her Fifth Avenue home.