motion-picture director known primarily for his popularization of the Italian “spaghetti western.”

As the son of a film-industry pioneer, Leone became involved in Italian filmmaking at an early age. He worked for years as an assistant to Italian directors as well as American directors—such as Fred Zinnemann, Robert Wise, William Wyler, and Raoul Walsh—who were working in Italy.

Leone was a second-unit director on a number of productions and collaborated as a screenwriter for Nel segno di Roma (1958; Sign of the Gladiator) and Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei (1959; The Last Days of Pompeii). He chose Il Colosso di Rodi (1961; The Colossus of Rhodes), a pseudo-historical epic, for his directing debut and then went on to direct a series of stylized, violent westerns, including Per un pugno di dollari (1964; A Fistful of Dollars), Per qualche dollaro in più (1965; For a Few Dollars More), Il buono, il bruto, il cattivo (1966; The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly), and C'era una volta il West (1968; Once Upon a Time in the West). These films were extremely successful financially, attracting large audiences throughout the world. At first they were poorly received by critics, but Leone was eventually recognized for his meticulous care for historical accuracy and his powerful sense of visual composition. The last film he completed was Once Upon a Time in America (1984).