American novelist known for his portrayals of the interior lives of characters at odds with economic and social forces.

Banks was educated at Colgate University (Hamilton, New York) and the University of North Carolina. From 1966 he was associated with Lillabulero Press, initially as editor and publisher. The press issued his first book of poems, Waiting to Freeze, in 1969. Other early works include the poetry collection Snow: Meditations of a Cautious Man in Winter (1974); Banks's first novel, Family Life (1975); and a collection of stories entitled The New World (1978). His novel Hamilton Stark (1978) is notable for its vividly rendered hardscrabble New Hampshire setting. The story collection Trailerpark (1981) explores the same locale. An experimental novel, The Relation of My Imprisonment (1984), set in 17th-century New England, was regarded by most reviewers as conceptually and stylistically flawed. Banks's interest in the Caribbean, which led to his residence in Jamaica for an interval, shaped two of his novels, The Book of Jamaica (1980) and Continental Drift (1985), the latter being generally considered his best work. His subsequent novels include Affliction (1989; film 1997), The Sweet Hereafter (1991; film 1997), and Rule of the Bone (1995). The last of these, with its clear-sighted 14-year-old protagonist, is reminiscent of J.D. Salinger (Salinger, J D)'s The Catcher in the Rye. In 1998 Banks published Cloudsplitter, the fictional response of John Brown (Brown, John)'s unhappy son to the actions of his father and the racism that precipitated them, and in 2000 he published a collection of stories titled The Angel on the Roof. Other novels include The Darling (2005), a tragic narrative of a politically radical American woman in war-torn Liberia, and The Reserve (2008), a combined love story and murder mystery. Dreaming Up America (2008) is a nonfiction work scrutinizing the history of destructive and constructive policies pursued by the United States.