Basque writer who is considered to be the foremost Spanish novelist of his generation.

After receiving his medical degree, Baroja practiced medicine for a short time in a village in northern Spain, later returning to Madrid to work in the family bakery. As a member of the Generation of '98 (Generation of 1898) (q.v.), Baroja revolted against the stultification of Spanish life. His first two books, a collection of short stories, Vidas sombrías (1900; “Sombre Lives”), and a novel, La casa de Aizgorri (1900; The House of the Aizgorri, 1958), clearly show the direction his later work would take. Attempting to arouse people to action, he wrote 11 trilogies dealing with contemporary social problems, the best known of which, La lucha por la vida (1904; The Struggle for Life, 1922–24), portrays the misery and squalor in the poor sections of Madrid. Himself a confirmed rebel and nonconformist, Baroja wrote at length about vagabonds and people who reflected his own thinking; El árbol de la ciencia (1911; The Tree of Knowledge, 1928) is considered to be basically autobiographical. Of the almost 100 novels he wrote, the most ambitious project was Memorias de un hombre de acción (1913–28; “Memoirs of a Man of Action”), a series of 14 novels and 8 volumes of shorter narratives dealing with a 19th-century insurgent and his era. One of his best novels, Zalacaín el aventurero (1909), is written in an intentionally abrupt style reflecting Baroja's vision of reality as disjointed.

Because of his anti-Christian views, his stubborn insistence on nonconformity, and a somewhat pessimistic attitude, Baroja's novels never achieved great popularity. His terse and unadorned style, which relied heavily upon understatement, is said to have had great influence on Ernest Hemingway.