program instituted in the Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) by Mikhail Gorbachev (Gorbachev, Mikhail) in the mid-1980s to restructure Soviet economic and political policy. Seeking to bring the Soviet Union up to economic par with capitalist countries such as Germany, Japan, and the United States, Gorbachev decentralized economic controls and encouraged enterprises to become self-financing. The economic bureaucracy, fearing the loss of its power and privileges, obstructed much of his program, however. Gorbachev also proposed reducing the direct involvement of the Communist Party (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) leadership in the country's governance and increasing the local governments' authority. In 1988 a new parliament, the Soviet Congress of People's Deputies, was created. Similar congresses were established in each Soviet republic as well. For the first time, elections to these bodies presented voters with a choice of candidates, including noncommunists, though the Communist Party continued to dominate the system. (See also glasnost.)