city, northwestern Karnataka (Karnātaka) state, southern India. It is located in the Western Ghats (Ghats) at an elevation of 2,500 feet (760 metres) above sea level. The city dates from the 12th century. It later exercised strategic control over the plateau routes to Goa and the western coast. Its early name, Venugrama, is said to be derived from the bamboos characteristic of the region. A melting pot for the Kannada, Konkani, Marathi, and Goan cultures, modern Belgaum includes the original cantonment, the site of an oval stone fortress with a 16th-century mosque and of two Jaina temples, and the suburbs of Shahpur and Madhavpur. The city is a busy trading centre on the National Highway, with rail connections north to Pune (Poona) and south to Bangalore (Bengaluru). Belgaum has cotton-weaving, leather, clay, soap, pottery, and metal utensil industries. Shahpur is known for gold work and silver work. Nearby Sambre has an airport. There are colleges of commerce, science, education, law, and medicine—including Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College—affiliated with Karnatak University in Hubli-Dharwad, which lies to the southeast. Pop. (2001) city, 399,653; urban agglom., 506,480.