rabbi who was the first known European traveler to approach the frontiers of China and whose account of his journey, Massaʿot (The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, 1907), illuminates the situation of Jews in Europe and Asia in the 12th century.

Motivated by commercial interests as well as a desire to learn of the conditions of Jews, he spent about 13 years journeying through Italy, Greece, Palestine, Persia, and the western borders of China, returning by way of Egypt and Sicily (1159–73). Though the Itinerary contains errors and treats places he may not have visited, it remains valuable.