premier of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991.

Little is known with certainty of Ryzhkov's early career. He seems to have begun his working career as a miner and then, by 1950, was a shift foreman at the Ordzhonikidze Uralmash plant (for heavy machinery) in the Urals, later rising to positions of shop superintendent and deputy manager. In 1956 he joined the Communist Party, and in 1959 he graduated from the S.M. Kirov Urals Polytechnic Institute, which led to his becoming chief engineer of the Uralmash plant in 1965 and finally, in 1970, director-general of the Uralmash Production Amalgamation.

In 1975 Ryzhkov was appointed first deputy minister of heavy and transport machine building, and in 1979 he became first deputy chairman of GOSPLAN (the state planning committee of the U.S.S.R.). In 1981 he became a member of the Communist Party's Central Committee and, in 1982, head of its economic department. In September 1985 he became premier (that is, chairman of the Council of Ministers) of the Soviet Union.

Ryzhkov was closely identified with Mikhail S. Gorbachev's policies of trying to reinvigorate the Soviet economy through advanced technology and a measure of decentralized planning. He resisted the adoption of market-type pricing and other mechanisms, however, and by 1990 his leadership had come under intense criticism from all sides. He yielded the premiership in January 1991 after suffering a heart attack in December 1990.