foremost Indian historian of the Mughal Dynasty (1526–1857).

Educated in English literature at Presidency College, Calcutta, Sarkar at first taught English and later shifted to history during his tenure (1902–17) at Patna College. Sarkar chose Aurangzeb, the last major Mughal emperor, as the object of his life's work. His first book, India of Aurangzib, was published in 1901. His five-volume History of Aurangzib took 25 years to complete and was published in 1924. Sarkar devoted another 25 years to his four-volume Fall of the Mughal Empire, completed in 1950. Two of Sarkar's single-volume works are Chaitanya: His Pilgrimages and Teachings (1913) and Shivaji and His Times (1919). All his works demonstrate his vast knowledge of Persian-language sources and are skillfully written in English. Sarkar served as vice chancellor of the University of Calcutta (1926–28) and on the Bengal legislative council (1929–32). He was knighted in 1929.