politician who became president of Mexico in 2006.

Calderón studied law at the Free School of Law in Mexico City and later did postgraduate study in economics at the Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico. In 2000 he earned a master's degree in public administration at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

Calderón became involved in politics at an early age. His father helped found the centre-right National Action Party (PAN) in 1939, and, as an elementary student, the younger Calderón campaigned actively for the party. He later headed the PAN's youth organization, and from 1991 to 1994 he represented the party in the federal Chamber of Deputies. Calderón became the PAN's secretary-general in 1993 when his political mentor, Carlos Castillo Peraza, assumed the party presidency. In 1996 he succeeded Castillo Peraza as the PAN president, a position he held until 1999.

In 2000 the PAN's candidate Vicente Fox (Fox, Vicente) won the presidential elections, ending 71 years of uninterrupted rule by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). His historic victory brought the PAN to national power for the first time. Calderón was leader (2000–03) of the party's Chamber of Deputies delegation before serving as minister of energy (2003–04). Fox forced him to resign his cabinet position in May 2004 on the grounds that he was campaigning prematurely for the PAN's presidential nomination. In late 2005 Calderón decisively defeated Santiago Creel in internal party primaries to win the PAN candidacy.

During the presidential campaign in 2006, Calderón initially trailed centre-left candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador (López Obrador, Andrés Manuel). He closed the gap, however, by promising to be the “jobs president” and by conducting an aggressive media campaign that portrayed his populist opponent as a “danger for Mexico.” Calderón won the election by just 0.56 percent of the vote. López Obrador challenged the results, claiming voting irregularities and fraud, and a number of protests ensued. Following a partial recount, however, Calderón was officially declared the winner, and he took office on December 1.