Russian ideologue, historian, and aristocratic commentator on Russian political and social developments in the 18th century.

Shcherbatov was the son of a former governor-general of Moscow and a member of one of the oldest aristocratic families in Russia, and he received a private education. His first published works were seven articles and translations that appeared between 1759 and 1761 in the Articles and Translations for Use and Amusement, Russia's first scientific and literary journal, which had been founded by Prince M.V. Lomonosov in 1755. These early works paradoxically combine the ideas of the Enlightenment with the pessimistic estimate of human nature and social progress that prompted Shcherbatov to support a strong, even absolutist, state authority.

In 1767 the nobility of the Yaroslavl district elected Shcherbatov to the commission for the drafting of the new legal code, which was to be the high point of his public career. His major legislative proposal called for the repeal of Peter I's reforms that had given the privilege of rank over that of birth. It received avid support from the old nobility but was strongly opposed (and defeated) by the newer gentry that had attained ennoblement by state service in the years since Peter's reign. Shcherbatov remained a lifelong advocate of the monopolization of power by a hereditary ruling class, as well as a strong defender of serfdom on the grounds of its necessity to the state.

In 1768 he was named imperial historian. His History of Russia from the Earliest Times, which appeared during 1770–91 in seven volumes, was the first serious attempt to produce a scholarly narrative of Russian history based on original sources. Although Shcherbatov's History was later criticized as the work of a reactionary, its incorporation of old chronicles and legal documents proved invaluable to later Russian historians.

Shcherbatov's vision of the ideal state is embodied in his Journey to the Land of Ophir (1784), a utopian fantasy depicting a Russia in which Peter I's westernizing reforms have been reversed, and the nobility and the serfs are confirmed in what Shcherbatov viewed as their “natural” (and inherently unequal) relations to each other. His work most celebrated in the West, On the Corruption of Morals in Russia, appeared in 1797. Although reflecting his melancholic and ailing disposition, it was a fine example of the outraged erudition for which he was known, as well as an unrivaled account of contemporary Russian social life and conservative thought.