American playwright and actor whose plays adroitly blend images of the American West, Pop motifs, science fiction, and other elements of popular and youth culture.

As the son of a career Army father, Shepard spent his childhood on military bases across the United States and in Guam before his family settled on a farm in Duarte, Calif. After a year of agricultural studies in college, he joined a touring company of actors and, in 1963, moved to New York City to pursue his theatrical interests. His earliest attempts at playwriting, a rapid succession of one-act plays, found a receptive audience in Off-Off-Broadway productions. In the 1965–66 season, Shepard won Obie awards (presented by the Village Voice newspaper) for his plays Chicago, Icarus's Mother, and Red Cross.

Shepard lived in England from 1971 to 1974, and two notable plays of this period—The Tooth of Crime (1972) and Geography of a Horse Dreamer (1974)—premiered in London. In late 1974, he became playwright-in-residence at the Magic Theatre in San Francisco, where most of his subsequent plays were first produced.

Shepard's works of the mid-1970s showed a heightening of earlier techniques and themes. In Killer's Head (1975), for example, the rambling monologue, a Shepard stock-in-trade, blends horror and banality in a murderer's last thoughts before electrocution; Angel City (1976) depicts the destructive machinery of the Hollywood entertainment industry; and Suicide in B-Flat (1976) exploits the potentials of music as an expression of character.

Beginning in the late 1970s, Shepard applied his unconventional dramatic vision to a more conventional dramatic form, the family tragedy. Curse of the Starving Class (1976), the Pulitzer Prize-winning Buried Child (1978), and True West (1980) are linked thematically in their examination of troubled and tempestuous blood relationships in a fragmented society.

Shepard returned to acting in the late 1970s, winning critical accolades for his performances in such films as Days of Heaven (1978), Resurrection (1980), The Right Stuff (1983), and Fool for Love (1985), which was written by Shepard and based on his 1983 play of the same name. He also appeared in The Pelican Brief (1993), Snow Falling on Cedars (1999), All the Pretty Horses (2000), which was based on a novel by Cormac McCarthy (McCarthy, Cormac), Black Hawk Down (2001), and The Notebook (2004).

His other plays include La Turista (1966), Operation Sidewinder (1970), The Unseen Hand (1970), Seduced (1979), and A Lie of the Mind (1986). In 1986 Shepard was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.