American politician whose plan for representation of large and small states prevented a deadlock at the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787.

Active in both trade and law, Sherman held numerous public offices, including several terms in the Connecticut legislature between 1755 and 1766, judge of the superior court (1766–85), and mayor of New Haven (1784–93). Although a staunch conservative, he was an early supporter of American independence from Britain. As a delegate to the Second Continental Congress at Philadelphia, he signed the Declaration of Independence (1776) and helped draft the Articles of Confederation.

Sherman's greatest service was rendered at the Constitutional Convention called to remedy the deficiencies of the Articles of Confederation. A critical difference appeared between larger states advocating congressional representation on the basis of population and smaller states desiring equal representation regardless of size. Sherman promoted what came to be known as the Connecticut (or Great) Compromise, providing for a bicameral legislature using a dual system of representation. His plan helped save the convention from disintegrating and established the basis of the present system of federal government.

Sherman served in Congress under the new Constitution, first as a representative (1789–91) and then as a senator (1791–93), supporting Alexander Hamilton's program for assumption of state debts, establishment of a national bank, and enactment of a tariff.